How is Cleopatras infinite variety reflected Essay Example for Free

How is Cleopatras infinite variety reflected EssayHow is Cleopatras infinite variety reflected in the language that she mappings? In your answer you should include detailed reference to at least 2 passages from the play.Throughout the play many sides of Cleopatra are shown, this suggests she is constantly book binding her true feelings, this ability shows her as a good queen of Egypt, but also a stubborn, yet scared person.The first passage I eitherow refer to is portrayal I, Scene 1, w present Antony and Cleopatra are happy and flirtatious. Here Cleopatra is portrayed as a flirtatious and dominant character, almost like a femme fatale with her use of language suggesting this via words and statements such as If it be love indeed, tell me how much, Hear the ambassadors, these two statements are direct and dominant, she tells Antony to do these things rather than enquire him.Also, the manner she talks about love in this manner shows her as independent and strong. In this sc ene she also teases and manipulates Antony with her talk of Fulvia, his wife, and Caesars hold over him, this is encouraging him to create verbally them off and declare his loyalty to her, as he seems to be doing with his statement Let Rome in Tiber melt, and the wide arch of the rangd Empire fall here is my space.Although this scene shows Antony and Cleopatras love, it also shows Cleopatras strong will and manipulation skills, as can be seen on many occasions throughout the play.Another side to Cleopatra is seen in Act III, Scene 11, where she has abandoned Antony at sea, and is now apologizing to him. In this scene, I feel her true feelings start to show through, especially through her language use Oh lord, my lord, forgive my fearful sails here she is calling Antony lord, so talking of him highly, yet putting herself down by insinuating her and her navy are fearful, so basically, weak.Her reference to Antony as My lord the second time round is significant as it shows her fear of losing him because of her actions. Overall, Cleopatra does not say much in this scene, showing her shame and sorrow at the situation she is in. When she does speak she is very apologetic and says very little, especially in comparison to Antonys long speeches. Her final words in this scene say it all Pardon, pardon.In these two scenes Cleopatras variety of personalities are shown through these two polar facades, in one she speaks a lot, is dominant, demanding and manipulative, in the other, she says very little, is apologetic almost to the grade of begging, and speaks to Antony with respect. This seeming role reversal between Antony and Cleopatra is seen a number of times throughout the play, in accordance with the events occurring in the plot.Another variety of Cleopatra is shown in Act III, Scene13, where she is deliberately masking her true thoughts and feelings in order to fool Caesars man Thidias.She is playing her cards very close to her chest by flattering Caesar and his men , asking questions about him rather than talking about herself and talking of the past rather than the present Say to great CaesarI kiss his conquering hand tell him I am prompt to lay my crown at his feet this shows her sweet-talking Caesars messenger and also shows her signaling to him that she will go along with Caesars words.Cleopatra asks for the messengers name, this is a change from her usual frank way with messengers, showing her flattery to make him think that she cares what him name is and also stalls the conversation to give her time to think. She talks of the past by bring up Caesars father, whom she was with before Antony. She talks of him fondly, suggesting she still cares for Caesars father, and in turn, Caesar and Rome also.In two of these three scenes Cleopatra is able to mask her feelings completely, with her use of language being advanced(a) enough to manipulate two powerful men. In all three scenes she is seen in a incompatible light, almost like it were thre e different characters. Shakespeare keeps the reference intrigued by these changes, and shows Antony and Cleopatras relationship advancing, and also different characters roles and personalities, through Cleopatra and the other characters language.Cleopatras language is very clever, showing a surface meaning that could be completely different when looked at on a deeper level, this close textual analysis allows me to see what her true feelings were, in comparison to these masked emotions that are portrayed to the other characters. This could be Shakespeares way of pre-empting the tragic end and other major events in the play.

Political Socialization Essay Example for Free

Political Socialization EssayBoth my p arents are independents and I used to identify myself as independent. However, I believe school was the policy-making socialization agent that has had the greatest impact in my judgments and decisions related to politics. This process began in my country, Venezuela, there I learned about world and Venezuelan history, patriotism, symbols, elemental institutions and values of politics in school. I was al trends taught to stand for my principles and beliefs. Therefore, from seven to twelve grades I got involved with my schools Student Government Group. At that time, I was open to make a difference in issues related to students and staff interests I also made a difference in the community by organizing environmentalist campaigns, good neighbor activities, and beautification of our city projects, to mention some. Most of the time I felt that I was not bonded to all of the countrys political parties, but shortly after entering college I began to work and there were the opportunities for involvement within the system. Unfortunately, my countrys political situation started to deteriorate with the intended of a military take over.Later on, it was tout ensemble crushed with the actual Presidential election of the perpetrator, current President, Hugo Chaves. My trust and faith in a democracy were shattered until I decided to come to the US. Now, I appreciate and love this country very much for all the opportunities existing to me. I also feel that my opinions in American politics, ethics and other subjects are well-informed and once again school has marked and amplified them.On the other hand, I believe that a persons knowledge of politics cannot simply come from their consume personal experience or through the lessons learned from others directly. For instance, the mass media influences individuals by what they report and what they do not report and it does not frequently discuss alternatives to the way society is fundamen tally structured.In conclusion, I think much of the political knowledge people have comes from a combination of agents, for me in priority founding are school, my values, and the mass media. I also think that my family has the least impact on me as political socialization agent because they were never inclined to any political party and this was not an important subject of discussion in my house.

Carboxymethyl Cellulose On Blends Of Polyvinyl Alcohol Environmental Sciences Essay

Carboxymethyl Cellulose On Blends Of Polyvinyl Alcohol Environmental Sciences EssayABSTRACTPoly(vinyl alcohol) (polyvinyl acetate) Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) belongs were prep ard and found that Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(ethylene oxide) argon inherently immiscible and thusly incompatible. So, a compatibilizer Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to polyvinyl acetate and PEO and the influence of CMC is studied on the compatibility of blends of polyvinyl acetate and PEO. It is found that on adding CMC, PVA and PEO become partially miscible. Here, we describe the preparation of PVA/PEO/CMC blends having tilt percentage of CMC 5, 10, 20 wt% and the influence of soaking up of CMC on the blends of PVA and PEO is studied and the miscibility of the blends was characterized by using wide-angle X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermal Gravimetric compend (TGA), differential S commodening Calorimetry (DSC) and Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infra-red (ATR-FTIR) techniques. Also, swelling ratio of the different blends is studied.Keywords Hydrogels Polyvinyl alcohol Polyethylene oxide Carboxymethyl cellulose Miscibility, Immiscible.*Correspondence to Prof. Bhuvanesh Gupta, Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, refreshing Delhi-110016, India. E-mail emailprotectedINTRODUCTIONDesigning new materials with improved properties is mavin of the main goals of the chemists. Two common ways be chemical synthesis and blending which principally used to get a material with improved or new properties. Chemical synthesis is an unlimited method to get new substances with well-defined properties unless it is often time consuming and not seldom costly. On the other side, blending is a well-known and simple method to combine the advantages of different materials 23,65, expeditious way to prep are new materials with improved properties. 8 The blending of hydrophilic/hydrophobic polymers produce phase-separated composite hydrogels. Po lymer blends exhibit superior and rare properties, unexpected from homopolymers. The physical, chemical and effulgent methods can be applied to prepare polymer blends. 6 Polymer blends are physical mixtures of structurally different polymers or co-polymers, which interact through secondary forces such(prenominal) as total heat bonding, dipole-dipole forces and charge transfer complexes for homopolymer mixtures with no covalent bonding 34,36-38 that are miscible at molecular(a) level. Polymer blend hydrogels are composed of water-soluble or swellable polymers, such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) 25,26 poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) 24 and, other synthetic water-soluble polymers and degradable or nondegradable water-insoluble or swellable polymers, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 25, poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PGLA). 24 The virtually common method used to blend polymers is through solvent-casting techniques. In this process, 2 or much polymers are dissolved in a mutual solvent and the blends are obtained by evaporating the solvent. The resulting materials have a microphase separated social system 25,26 and often improved miscibility via total heat bonding among polymers 24, resulting in transparent materials.Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is a water-soluble polyhydroxy polymer, used in practical applications because of its easy preparation, excellent chemical unsusceptibility and physical properties, appropriate mechanical properties 68,71, and it is completely biodegradable and cheap and the -OH groups can be a source of hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) and hence of assistance in the formation of polymer blends. Polyvinyl alcohol has excellent photo forming, emulsifying, and adhesive properties. It is also resistant to oil, grease and solvent. It is odorless, nontoxic and has in high spirits tensile strength, flexibility, as well as high oxygen and aroma barrier. The chemical complex body part of PVA favors the formation of intramolecular 1 hydrogen bond ing because of favorable disposition of relatively flyspeck -OH groups attached to derail carbon atoms of PVA 20, thus it is used in the preparation of various membranes and hydrogels. Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymers having three-dimensional cyberspaces 27, and are most often defined as two-component systems where one of the components is a hydrophilic polymer and the second one is water. These have the ability to swell in the presence of water without dissolution because of a three-dimensional network joining as chains. The interactions responsible for water absorption by hydrogels include the processes of hydration, which is connected to the presence of such chemical groups as -OH, -COOH, -CONH2, -CONH-, and -SO3H, and the existence of capillary areas and differences in osmotic pressure. 67PVA blends can be cast as films and applied as functional materials including biomedical materials such as dialysis membranes, wound dressing, artificial skin, cardiovascular devices and a s vehicles to release active substances in a controlled manner. 69-71 PVA hydrogels have been studied extensively but their properties need to be improved further for particular(a) applications. 2,6,7 In differentiate to improve or modify the properties of PVA hydrogels, PEO is used to blend with PVA to form hydrogels which is hydrophilic semicrystalline polyether with a glass transition temperature beneath room temperature, biocompatible, non toxic, non polar, non antigenic and non immunogenic 45 and is highly desirable in most biomedical applications requiring contact with physiological fluids. For these reasons, PEO hydrogels are applied as wound coverings, drug speech systems, hemodialysis membrane 1, as a component of a tissue sealant 15,16 and as a coating for medical devices 17, both poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) are industrially important polymers 75 and their blends can be of significant practical utility, but it is found that PVA and PEO are i mmiscible and incompatible blends 1, 75 which do not possess a tendency for extensive mutual solubility. 1 Also it is found that hydroxyl-containing polymers are self-associated and hence the competition amidst self association and interpolymer interaction plays an important role in determining the miscibility behavior of their blends. For example, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is miscible with three tertiary amide polymers poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) 54-58, poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) 59 and poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) 60, but is immiscible with another tertiary amide polymer poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOx). 61 PEO is etheric in nature. However formation of weak H-bonds between PEO and PVA cannot be ruled out. The C-O-C bond angle in PEO is normally 108 and when a -OH group from a neighbouring PVA chain approaches the etheric oxygen atom in order to form a H-bond, the C-O-C bond angle deviates from 108 so that the lone p atm of the etheric oxygen is positioned nearer to the ap proaching OH from PVA. It would therefore be interesting to investigate the organize and caloric properties of the composites organize in the PEO-PVA system with different proportions of the components. We have found that mutual miscibility of PEO and PVA is likely to exist over only a small range of compositions. The mixtures otherwise seem to form only microscopically immiscible blends which do not possess a tendency for extensive mutual solubility. They are referred to as incompatible polymer blends or simply blends. 77 To make them compatible, a compatibilizer i.e. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added.Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) obtained from natural cellulose by chemical modification is a water soluble cellulose ether derivate 3 and is formed by its reaction with sodium hydroxide and chloroacetic acid. It has a number of sodium carboxymethyl groups (CH2COONa), introduced into the cellulose molecule, which promote water solubility. The various properties of CMC depend upo n three factors molecular exercising free clog of the polymer, fair number of carboxyl content per anhydroglucose unit, and the distribution of carboxyl substituents along the polymer chains. The most important properties of CMC are viscosity building and flocculation. Among all the polysaccharides, CMC is easily available and it is also very cheap. It has high shear stability. The structure of CMC is shown in encrypt 1. 78 designing 1 Structure of (a) Poly(vinyl alcohol), (b) Poly(ethylene oxide) and (c) Carboxymethyl celluloseCMC has good water solubility, broadly used repayable to its natural depression cost, biodegradability, biocompatibility 51 and lack of toxicity. 8,29-33 CMC is an ionic polyelectrolyte 30 that contains carboxyl groups and exhibits pH sensitivity as it has lot of carboxylic groups. 48-50 It has been used in several medical applications 10 and more recently as a component of an antiadhesion gel. 11,12 CMC and PVA in different ratios can be mixed homogen eously in an aqueous solution without evident phase separation, and this can be attributed to the interaction between the components. 49 The hydrogen bonds that form between the carboxylic groups of CMC and hydroxyl groups of PVA, and form semi-interpenetrating polymer networks 49 while with PEO, CMC undergoes micro phase separation to form a two-phase system. 9Berg et. al. 9 found that the turbidity results of CMC/PEO gels are demonstrated by foil data. It is found that gels prepared either from CMC alone or from PEO alone were transparent. However, for CMC/PEO composite gels, the transparency of gels changed as the ratio of the two components changed. The gel composed of equal amounts of CMC and PEO had the highest turbidity while the gel having 20% CMC has more than 90% transparency so 20% CMC concentration is taken as the optimized concentration for further studies.The polymer-polymer interaction for the miscibility is thought to be due mainly to hydrogen bonding between three hydroxyl groups in the anhydroglucose unit of CMC and the functional groups of the synthetic polymers PVA and PEO. However, since each of the three hydroxyl groups in the repeating unit of the cellulose is quite different in damage of regiochemistry and polarity, the hydrogen bond formation is not easily clarified. Kondo et.al. 47 proposed the mechanism for the development of interaction in the cellulose/PEO blend and showed that the hydrogen bonding between the C6 position hydroxyls and impecunious oxygen of PEO is more favourable, at first the two polymers are trapped to form a large adduct, which is a complex between cellulose and PEO, by the hydrogen bond, and the mobility of the molecules is restricted. Then another PEO molecule interacts with the adduct either by hydrogen bonding between the remaining free hydroxyls in cellulose and oxygen in PEO, or by Vander Waals bonding between PEO molecules. 79The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the influence of concentrat ion of CMC on the blends of PVA and PEO. In this article, we report the characterization of PVA/PEO/CMC blends by various techniques such as X-Ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential scan Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA).EXPERIMENTALMaterialsPoly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) of Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India having degree of polymerization 1700-1800 and molecular weight 1,15,000, Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) of Sigma Aldrich of molecular weight 3,00,000 were used. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) sodium salt of high viscosity was received from Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India. Distilled water was used for all experiments.Preparation of Blends of PVA and PEOPreparation of the native film of PVA and blends of PVA and PEO were carried out in the following manner. PVA was dissolved in distilled water under constant mechanical stirring at temperature 60 -70 C to get 5% PVA solution and then about 15 g. of PVA solution is poured to form layers 2 mm compendious in a petridish at room temperature. The solution was first change in air for 2 eld and then in a clean oven at 100C to remove solvent from it. Then, the blends of PVA/PEO/CMC were prepared by dissolving different concentrations of each polymer in distilled water, the total polymer concentration in the solvent remains 5% by weight. Water constitutes a suitable reaction medium, because PVA, PEO and CMC are soluble in water.Each polymer having concentration as shown in instrument panel 1 were added in distilled water one by one and then dissolved under constant mechanical stirring at temperature 60 -70C. As shown in Figure 2, it was found that blend solutions formed with CMC shows compatibility as compared to the solution having no CMC i.e. solution (a). It is clear from the Figure 2 that compatibility in the blend increases as the CMC concentration increases from 5% to 20%. These blend solutions were then poured in petridishes at room temperature. The solu tions were first dried in air for 2 days and then in a vacuum oven at 100C to remove solvent from it. The films so obtained are then characterized by XRD, TGA, DSC and ATR-FTIR techniques to determine miscibility. disconcert 1 Samples taken for characterizationFigure 2 Solutions prepared from the polymer sample to test compatibilitySwelling Ratio (%)All the samples (a), (b), (c) and (d) in film form were accurately weighed and placed in a beaker having fixed volume i.e. 50 ml PBS (pH 7.4) and then kept in a water bath composed for a fixed interval i.e. 24 h. The samples were removed after 24 h., and the excess surface water is removed by pressing gently between filter paper and weighed. The Swelling ratio(%) i.e. SR (%), was calculated as indicated in Equation given below.SR (%) = (Ws Wd) / Wd x 100where Wd is the weight of dry film, and Ws is the weight of swollen film.Density of blended filmsDensity measurements of the samples (a), (b), (c) and (d) were carried out by taking in to account the thickness of membranes of specific size by measuring thickness of the film by thickness tester and by measuring the weight of the sample. Weight in gram per cubic centimeter was represented as the density of the membranes. wide-cut angle X-Ray diffraction (XRD)X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the samples are recorded in the 2 range of 5-40 on a Phillips X-ray diffractometer equipped with a scintillation counter. CuK radiotherapy (wavelength, 1.54 filament current, 30 mA voltage, 40 kV) is used for the generation of X-rays. A polymer can be considered partly crystalline and partly amorphous. The crystallinity parts give perspicacious narrow diffraction peaks and the amorphous component gives a very broad peak. The ratio between these intensities can be used to calculate the amount of crystallinity in the material.Crystallinity (%) = (AC/AT ) X 100Where AC is the area of crystalline part of the samples and AT is the total area of crystalline and amorphous part of prepared samples.Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)The thermal stability of the prepared samples is evaluated by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) performed on a Perkin- Elmer TGA, using a nitrogen stream as purge gas, at a heating system rate of 10C/min within the range of 50- 600C. For this, the prepared samples are firstly vaccum dried at 100 C and then loaded in the crucible and the thermograms are run under nitrogen atmosphere from 50- 600C.Attenuated Total Reflectance- Fourier Transform Infra Red spectrum analysis (ATR- FTIR)Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier-transform infra-red (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful techniques to investigate multicomponent systems because it provides information on the blend composition as well as on the polymer-polymer interaction. Infrared spectra of both the blends and the unclouded components were obtained using the films on an ATR-FTIR spectrometer. It is used to characterize the presence of specific chemical groups in the materials. IR spectroscopy of the thin films of samples are recorded on a Perkin-Elmer spectrophotometer in the wave number range of 650-4000 cm1 using transmittance mode.Differential see Calorimetry (DSC)Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is done to study thermal properties such as melt down temperature, glass transition temperature and melt enthalpies of dry samples. The DSC studies on the samples are carried out with a Perkin-Elmer DSC-7 system, in aluminium pans under nitrogen atmosphere. For this vacuum-dried samples were loaded, and the thermograms were run in the following temperature range under nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10C/min. The weight of sample used in DSC was in the range of 5-10 mg. The melt down temperature was obtained as the peak of the thermogram. The heat of nuclear fusion (Hf) is obtained from the area under dissolve thermograms. The heat of crystallization (Hf(crys)) of 100% crystalline pure PVA is obtained from the literature. The c rystallinity of samples is obtained by the following expressionCrystallinity (%) =Hf/Hf(crys) X 100where Hf is the heat of fusion of the sample obtained from the melt thermogram and Hf(crys) is the heat of fusion of 100% crystalline PVA and is taken as 150 J/g.64in high temperature DSC, all samples as shown in table 1 were heated from 50 to 150C at a heating rate of 10C/min, kept 5 min at 150C, cooled to 50C at the same rate, and kept 5 min at 50C. Then, the samples were heated from 50 to 350C at the same rate to record DSC curves. The thermal properties of the polymer blends were determined using two scans. The first heating scan, which was conducted to eliminate the residual water and solvent. The results reported in this work correspond to the second heating scan.In low temperature DSC, all samples as shown in table 1 were heated from 30 to 120C at a heating rate of 10C/min, kept 5 min at 150C, cooled to -50C at the same rate, and kept 5 min at -50C. Then, the samples were heate d from -50 to 230C at the same rate to record DSC curves. The thermal properties of the polymer blends were determined using two scans. The first heating scan, which was conducted to eliminate the residual water and solvent. The results reported in this work correspond to the second heating scan.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSwelling Ratio (%)Figure 3 stamp of concentration of CMC on the Swelling Ratio (%) of the blends in PBS (pH 7.4) in 24 h.Figure 3 clearly shows that as the concentration of CMC increases from 0 to 20% in the blends of PVA/PEO/CMC, the Swelling Ratio of blends (%) increases. It is because as the concentration of CMC increases in the blends number of hydroxyl group increases thus increasing the interaction.Density MeasurementsTable 2 Comparison of influence of concentration of CMC on the density of air dried filmsFigure 4 Comparison of influence of concentration of CMC on the density of air dried filmsAs shown in Table 2 and Figure 4, it can be clearly concluded that the re is not appreciable difference in the density of air dried films with the increase of the concentration of CMC from 0 to 20%. But as the concentration of CMC increases in the blends the density of air dried films slenderly increases as the hydrogen bonding between three hydroxyl groups in the anhydroglucose unit of CMC and the functional groups of the synthetic polymers PVA and PEO increases, thus making the blend more dense. Also it can be seen that the density of pure CMC is more as compared to pure PVA and PEO.X-ray diffractionFigure 5 X-Ray diffraction patterns of pure PVA, pure PEO and sample (a)Figure 6 X-Ray diffraction patterns of pure CMC, samples (b), (c) and (d)X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the blends and the pure components are shown in Figure 5 and 6. It may be seen that pure PVA exhibits only a broad and shallow diffraction feature around the 2 value of 16.9, indicating the presence of low-degree crystalline ordering. PEO has two well-defined reflections at 2 set 18.9 and 23.2. These reflections are consistent with literature reports on crystalline PEO. The blend (a) having PVA/PEO 90/10 shows only one reflection at 2 set 19.8. XRD analysis showed that CMC exhibits a very small crystallinity which can be seen in the Table 3 given below.Table 3 Percentage crystallinity calculated by XRD of samplesIn samples (a), (b), (c) and (d) as the concentration of CMC increases, the % crystallinity shows not much difference as shown in Figure 7 given below. But as shown in Figure 6 the merging of all the peaks of pure PVA, PEO and CMC shows that on adding CMC to the blend of PVA and PEO, the compatibility increases.Figure 7 Graph of percentage crystallinity vs concentration of CMC by XRDThermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)Figure 8 TGA of thin films of samples for studying the notion of concentration of CMC on the thermal stability of the samplesThe thermal stability of the dry superabsorbent hydrogels was determined from 50C to 600C. Figure 8 shows th e thermograms for different hydrogel compositions at various temperatures. Generally, in the initial stage of the thermograms from 50C to 200 C, the weight loss was due to the evaporation process of the water contained in the hydrophilic hydrogels. From the figure 8, three degradation steps can be observed in PVA sample. The first weight loss process, is associated with the loss of absorbed moisture and/or with the evaporation of trapped solvent, the second weight loss process correspond to the degradation of PVA by a dehydration reaction on the polymer chain and the third weight loss process is due to the degradation of the polyene residues to yield carbon and hydrocarbons while PEO undergoes one step degradation. In samples a, b, c, d two step degradation process takes place.The hydrogels having concentrations equal to 100% CMC showed a single-step thermogram, whereas the major(ip) weight loss of 50% occurred from 250 to 350C. This weight loss was attributed mainly to the therma l degradation of the two component polymers of the hydrogel, whereas the weight loss up to 600C was 70%. This means that hydrogels having 100% CMC showed high thermal stability. On the other hand, the thermogram of blends is two-step thermogram. The first step was from 200 to 300C, which was also attributed to thermal degradation of the side chains. The second step took place from 350 to 450 C with a major weight loss equal to 80%. This weight loss was attributed to some thermal degradation of the main chain C-C- bond of the hydrogel components.TGA of CMC showed two distinct zones where the weight is being lost. The initial weight loss is due to the presence of small amount of moisture in the sample. The second loss is due to the loss of CO2 from the polysaccharide. As there are COO- groups in the case of CMC, it is decarboxylated.Attenuated Total Reflectance- Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (ATR- FTIR)Figure 9 ATR-FTIR of thin films of samples pure PVA and PEOFigure 10 F TIR of pure CMC powderFigure 11 Comparison of ATR-FTIR of blend (d) with pure samplesFrom Figures 9, 10 and 11, in the IR spectra of the CMC, we can notice the characteristic mountains of COO- at 1610, 1419 cm-1, COOH groups at 1055.9 cm-1, -OH at 1419, 1319.54 cm-1 and the ether groups at 1055.9 cm-1. It is worth to remark that in the CMC a part of the carboxylic groups are in acid form and a part in ionic form. The spectrum of CMC shows the stretching quivers of at -CH-O-CH2 1055.9 cm-1. The band at 1610 cm-1 and 2878.37 cm-1 are assigned to the stretching vibration of the carboxyl group (COO-) and the stretching vibration of methine (C-H), respectively. Pure CMC displays two characteristic absorption bands at 1610 cm-1 and 1419 cm-1, which represents symmetry stretching and asymmetry stretching of COO group, respectively. It shows a broad band at 3433.59 cm-1, due to the stretching frequency of the -OH group. The band at 2878.37 cm-1 is due to C-H stretching vibration. The pres ence of a strong absorption band at 1610 cm-1 confirms the presence of COO- group. The bands around 1419 and 1319.54 cm-1 are assigned to -CH2 scissoring and -OH bending vibration, respectively.The FTIR spectrum of pure PVA reference sample is shown in figure 9 and 11. It clearly reveals the major peaks associated with poly(vinyl alcohol). For instance, it can be observed C-H broad alkyl stretching band 2933.33 cm-1 and typical strong hydroxyl bands for intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonded band at 3286.66 cm-1. This vibrational band at 1140 cm-1 is mostly attributed to the crystallinity of the PVA, related to carboxyl stretching band (C-O). The band at 1140 cm-1 has been used as an assessment tool of poly(vinyl alcohol) structure because it is a semicrystalline synthetic polymer able to form some domains depending on several process parameters. The band at 1420 cm-1 is due to -CH2 group and at 1087.11 cm-1 is due to C-O-C group.The IR peak of interest in the C-O-C asymm etric stretch is at 1095.88 cm-1. This peak in the spectrum of blends has been shown to shift due to hydrogen bonding to PVA and CMC. The spectra obtained for blends are shown in Figure 12.Figure 12 ATR-FTIR of thin films of samples (a), (b), (c) and (d)From Figure 12 it can be concluded that all the blends show characteristic peaks of all the polymers present.Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)The melting temperatures were determined from maximum in the melting endotherm, the glass transition temperatures were taken as the mid particular of the heat capacity change.One of the most commonly used methods to estimate polymer-polymer miscibility is the determination of the Tm of the blend compared with the Tms of the two components separately. In the case where one component is crystalline, observation of a melting point depression of this polymer may also be used as evidence to support the miscibility of the polymer pair.Figure 13 DSC curves exhibit the melting peaks of PVA, PEO and CMCThermal properties and crystallinity of the prepared samples are examined by DSC method (Figure 13 and Table 4). PVA exhibited a relatively large and sharp endothermic peak at 222.2C, PEO at 70.2C and CMC at 265.9C. It is observed from Figure 14 that the melting point and melting enthalpies of the samples a, b, c, d are somewhat dropd from the pure PVA sample. This decrease in melting temperature might be related to a decrease in the crystallinity of the sample and proper alignment of the chains due to the interference of other polymers present in the blend. Figure 15 shows the glass transition temperature i.e. Tg of the pure PVA sample. The melting points of the blends show that the interaction between CMC and PVA weakens the interaction between PVA chains and hinders the crystallization of PVA.Figure 14 DSC curves showing the melting peaks of PVA, samples (a), (b), (c) and (d)Figure 15 DSC curves showing the glass transition peak of PVAFigure 16 DSC curves showing the melti ng temperature peaks of PEO and samples (a), (b), (c) and (d)PEO exhibited a relatively large and sharp endothermic peak at 65.5C. It is observed from Figure 16 that the melting point and melting enthalpies of the samples a, b, c, d are somewhat decreased from the pure PEO sample and the melting peaks are widened. This decrease in melting temperature is also related to a decrease in the crystallinity of the sample and proper alignment of the chains due to the interference of other polymers present in the blend as shown in Table 4. It was found that the melting temperature of PEO shifts towards a lower temperature when the PVA is added to the PEO, the change in Tm shows the change from semi crystalline to amorphous phase.Table 4 Percentage crystallinity calculated by DSC of samplesFigure 17 Graph of Percentage Crystallinity vs Concentration of CMCIn Figure 17, the percentage crystallinity data obtained by DSC for different polymer compositions (a), (b), (c) and (d) are plotted agains t compatibilizer CMC concentration, to clarify the effect of the CMC content on the crystallinity of the present system. This is also clear from the Table 4 given above that as the concentration of CMC increases in the blend the crystallinity % decreases this is due to the decrease in the proper alignment of the chains due to the interference of other polymers present in the blend.Figure 18 Graph of Melting Temperature (Tm) vs Concentration of CMCIn Figure 18 and table 4, the Tm data obtained by DSC for different polymer compositions (a), (b), (c) and (d) are plotted against compatibilizer CMC concentration, to clarify the effect of the CMC content on the thermal billet of the present system. It is clear from the figure that as the concentration of CMC increases in the blend the melting temperature firstly increases then decreases.CONCLUSIONSWe have effectively produced PVA/PEO/CMC hydrogels via aqueous route. These hydrogel blends were right on characterized by using XRD, FTIR sp ectroscopy, TGA and DSC techniques.FIGURES CAPTIONSFigure 1 Structure of (a) Poly(vinyl alcohol), (b) Poly(ethylene oxide)and (c) Carboxymethyl celluloseFigure 2 Solutions prepared from the polymer sample to test compatibilityFigure 3 Effect of concentration of CMC on the Swelling Ratio (%) of the blends in PBS (pH 7.4) in 24 h.Figure 4 Comparison of influence of concentration of CMC on the density of air dried filmsFigure 5 X-Ray diffraction patterns of pure PVA, pure PEO and sample (a)Figure 6 X-Ray diffraction patterns of pure CMC, samples (b), (c) and (d)Figure 7 Graph of percentage crystallinity vs concentration of CMC by XRDFigure 8 TGA of thin films of samples for studying the effect of concentration of CMC on the thermal stability of the samplesFigure 9 ATR-FTIR of thin films of samples pure PVA, PEO and CMCFigure 10 FTIR of pure CMC powderFigure 11 Comparison of ATR-FTIR of blend (d) with pure samplesFigure 12 ATR-FTIR of thin films of samples (a), (b), (c) and (d)Figure 13 DSC curves showing the melting peaks of PVA, PEO and CMCFigure 14 DSC curves showing the melting peaks of PVA, samples (a), (b), (c) and (d)Figure 15 DSC curves showing the glass transition peak of PVAFigure 16 DSC curves showing the melting temperature peaks of PEO and samples (a), (b), (c) and (d)Figure 17 Graph of Percentage Crystallinity vs Concentration of CMCFigure 18 Graph of Melting Temperature (Tm) vs Concentration of CMCTABLES CAPTIONSTable 1 Samples taken for characterizationTable 2 Comparison of influence of concentration of CMC on the density of air dried filmsTable 3 Percentage crystallinity calculated by XRD of samplesTable 4 Percentage crystallinity calculated by DSC of samples

Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) Analysis

Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) AnalysisThe Anglo-American eitheriance during World War II (WWII) launched a series of strategic battery campaigns against the Germans in what is now known as the Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO). The soundness of the CBO is and has always been a controversial one, as some schools of thought see it as being just, and had as its primary objective the progressive terminal and dislocation of the German host, industrial and sparing system. Thus, undermining the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance was fatally weakened1. However, other schools argue the aim of the CBO should be unambiguously express as the destruction of German cities, the killing of German workers, and the disruption of civilized life throughout Germany2. These bombardment campaigns on German cities like Dresden, which led to reckon mass killings or murder of civilians on a large scale by the CBO, is seen as unjust. The bombing of the Ger man city of Dresden depart be utilize as a case study to give a balanced analysis of the CBO in this essay as it is the most controversial.This essay will probe both schools of thought, taking into consideration if the CBO met the elements of justice in war -Jus in Bello. Analysing the involvement of the Anglo-American alliance in the CBO and the bombing of Dresden during WWII by the prescripts of Jus in Bello military necessity, proportionality, contrast and humanity this essay will determine that the CBO against Germany was just. Jus in Bello has been used as criteria to analyse and determine the justness of CBO against due to the incident that the CBO was an act in the war, which has to be analysed in order to determine if the act of the CBO met the legal and ethical justness.The CBOs objective to flak catcher the city of Dresdens industrial and economic system was a legitimate military necessity. The doctrine of military necessity, states an attack or action must be int ended to help in the defeat of the enemy it must be an attack on a legitimate military objective3. tone at the CBO attack of Dresden from this perspective, it was a legitimate military necessity because the bombing of the industrial centres and other targets of the economic system was crucial for the CBO in order to belatedly down the German war machine. The concept is known as the Industrial Web hypothesis, which was developed by Sir Hugh Trenchard, Colonel Billy Mitchell and General Giulio Douhet. Boog et. al support this principle of military necessity as they argue that the Germans could silk hat be eliminated by destroying her armaments industry and the result of that will be breaking the civilian populations will to resist4.However, critiques of the principle of military necessity have debated on its controversy, and a grey argona on their minds is that of the justness of the CBO on Dresden. Their argument is that the attack on Dresden might be military necessity, but why was it ok for the CBO to kill non-combatants also their argument is based on the fact that Dresden wasnt of any importance to the Germans.Michael Walzer gives a counter argument to this school of thought when he argues that military necessity supersedes the killing of civilians in a supreme emergency, and he uses Nazi Germany in WWII as an example of supreme emergency for Great Britain5. He goes on gain to state thatif the situation is grave enough to absolve killing or putting at risk ones own citizens to accomplish military objectives, then military necessity may also justify the akin risk to other non-friendly non-combatants6.Further to that, the arguments of the critiques on the less importance of Dresden to the Germans at the time of the CBO are incorrect. The veracity of this argument is seen in the RAFs briefing notes to its Squadrons which attacked DresdenDresden has developed into an industrial city of first-class importance its multiplicity of telephones and rail facili ties is of major value for controlling the defence of that part of the front now threatened. The intentions of the attack are to hit the enemy where he will feel it most, behind an already partially collapsed front7These justifies of the attack on Dresden, on the creation of military necessity, which, resulted in production in industries stopping. The bombing of Dresden was therefore not wanton but was justified by military necessity and it was also aiming at civilian morale8, in order to slow down the German war machine.Jus in Bellos principle of proportionality is an area of contention used by critiques to analyse the unjustness of the CBO. symmetry means avoiding needless destruction to achieve justified ends9. One school of thought argues that the firebombing in Dresden caused more destruction than was necessary. John V. Denson, in his book, Costs of War, supports this theoryit seems to me that the moment has come when the question of bombing of German cities simply for the s ake of increasing the terror, though under other pretexts, should be reviewed.The destruction of Dresden remains a serious query against the conduct of Allied bombing. I feel the need for more precise concentration upon military objectives. rather than on absolute acts of terror and wanton destruction, however impressive10.Other schools have a different perception of what is proportional and hold that the CBO was proportional with the destruction of civilian targets in Dresden. remainder is a hard criterion to apply, as there is no ready way to establish an independent or stable view of values against which the destruction of war is to be measured11. The use of the firebombing in Dresden was proportional, despite the argument that sees it as not fulfilling Jus in Bello principle of proportionality. Michael Walzer, in his book supports the justness on the basis of proportionality when he saysit would be difficult to condemn soldiers for anything they did in the course of a battle o r a war that they honestly believed, and had good priming to believe, was necessary, or important, or simply useful in determining the outcome12.The justness of this principle is the lack of technology at the time of the attack on Dresden, which was the best approach to be utilised at the time. Precision bombing had been used prior to that and it was impracticable, thus, area bombing had to be the means employed13. Moreover, with the bombing of Dresden, the Germans supplies of liquid fuels were eliminated with a far smaller cost in causality than would have been incurred had there been no resort to the bombing and destruction of the industrial capacity14.Discrimination is another principle which has been used in this essay to analyse how just the CBO on Germany in WWII was. Discrimination within Jus in Bello means avoiding direct and intentional harm to non-combatants15. Looking at the CBO based on this, it was a just act, as it did not set out with the intention of attacking and k illing civilians. A.C. Grayling in his book argues that there is no such thing as putting non-combatants to the sword during the course of sacking their towns, as this is not classed as murder for this is no less than their soldiers would do if matters were the other way round and they were sacking your town instead16.However, some school of thoughts hold that the attack on Dresden was a deliberate bombing of the civilian population, thus, makes the CBO unjust. They further support their argument that attacks on civilian populations have often happened in wars throughout history, but this fact does not amount to a justification of the suffice moreover, there are no acceptable circumstances in which killing civilians is allowed17.This essay argues in line with Douhet, an air power theorist that war as a national phenomenon, involves the totality of a nations activities and forces, and no longer organised forces alone this is why the distinction between combatants and non-combatants are superseded18 . The CBO, therefore, was against Germany and not the Nazi government, thus, all the Germans are classed as combatants. Thus, the principle of discrimination was respected and followed, as the CBOs main aim was to attack the enemys industry, and civilian casualties were an unavoidable side-effect19 as was the case in Dresden.Jus in Bello principle of humanity, also shows how just the CBO against the Germans in WWII was. Humanity is defined as regulating the conduct of those involved in fighting as well as safeguarding human life and curbing the level of violence20. Critiques argue that the CBO was in pitying especially with the firebombing which caused untold pain and suffering to the populationit was a war of despair and mounting torments there were no signs that the bombings would lead to a collapse. It was incomprehensible how people struggled on.21They also hold that the wholesale destruction of German cities, Dresden foremost among them, could have been averte d, even if attacks on urban rail centres had continued22.The above argument is flawed given that the degree of devastation suffered by the people of Dresden in the firestorm was an unfortunate weather condition, as paramount wind helped, and did much of the damage and caused many of the deaths, and was not intended by the CBO, who, at the request of the Russians forces, had seen Dresden as an important choke-point for supplies and troops moving23. Further to that, the CBO was just, as it was humane as it shortened the war and prevented a lot more death and loses on both sides. Hasting in his book sums this humanity point when he stateswe just wanted to get it over with if we could bring the end closer by dropping bombs on Germany that was fine by us24.In conclusion, the CBO was just, despite the controversies surrounding the bombing of Dresden, which others might see as an unjust and legally wrong act of the CBO which goes against Jus in Bello principle of proportionality. However, the principle of military necessity outweighs this school of thought as the German armament production figures continued to rise through much of 1944, and these would undoubtedly have been very much higher but for the effects of the bombing on both industry and workforce25. Thus, the CBO was a necessary and ethically just act, and attacks on industrial targets like supplies of fuel, which resorted to the bombing of industrial capacity26 in order to slow down the Germans fighting edge.ReferencesArchives, The National Archives. The Rise and Fall of the German job Force 1933-45. Kew, Richmond, Surrey United Kingdom, 2008.Bess, Michael. Choices Under Fire Moral Dimensions of World War II. Knopf Doubleday produce Group, 2008.Biddle, Tami Davis. Rhetoric and REality in Air Warfare. New Jersy Princeton University Press, 2002.Charles Guthrie, Michael Quinlan. Just War The Just War Tradition morals in Modern Warfare. capital of the United Kingdom, New York and Berlin Bloomsbury Publishin g, 2007.Christopher, Paul. The Ethics of War Peace. Uppper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc., 2004.Denson, John V. The Cost of War Americas Pyrrhic Victories. New Brunswick, New Jersey Transaction Publisher, 1997.Grayling, A C. Among the Dead Cities. London Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2006.Green, Leslie C. The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict. Manchester, Canada Manchester University Press, 2008.Hastings, Max. Armageddon The Battle for Germany 1944-45. Chatham, Kent Mackays of Chatham plc, 2004.Hippler, Thomas. Bombing the People Giulio Douhet and the Foundations of Air-Power Strategy, 1884-1939. Cambridge Cambridge Univeristy Press, 2013.Horst Boog, Gerhard Krebs, Detlef Vogel. Germany and the Second World War, Volume VII. Oxford Clarendon Press, 2006.Johnson, James Turner. Morality and Contemporary Warfare. Binghamton, New York Yale University Press, 1999.Overy, Richard J. The Air War, 1939-1945. New York Stein and Day, 1980.Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars. New York A Member of the Perseus Books Group, 2000.1 Biddle, (2002), p.2152 Denson, (1997) p.3523 Walzer, (2000), p.1444 Boog et. al, (2006), p.3655 Christopher, (2004), p.1636 id.7 Hastings, (2004), p.3878 Grayling, (2006), p. 2029 Johnson, (1999), p3610 Denson, (1997), p.35211 Walzer, (2000), p.12912 id.13 Grayling, (2006), p. 22714 The National Archives (2008) p.29815 Johnson, (1999), p3616 Grayling, (2006), p.417 ibid., (2006), p.418 Hipper, (2013), p.17019 Grayling, (2006), p.21620 Green, (2008), p.1721 Hastings, (2004), p.37622 Ibid. p. 35523 Grayling, (2006), p.22424 Hastings, (2004), p. 37025 Ibid.37826 The National Archives, (2008), p.298

Overview of Race Conflict Theories

Overview of Race Conflict TheoriesPlacid TankieRace is a term that john be restored using some different ways within the society. In the United States of America, for example, research indicates that white people looks minatory people as having a darker skin color than black people normally go (Hills, 2002). In addition, the meaning and importance of speed up does not only varies from place to place, but also changes over time. For example, today, the Census delegacy allows people to describe themselves using different racial course of study which include six single charge options and fifty-seven multiracial categories (U.S. Census Bureau 2012). multitude can classify each another racially based on their physical characteristics such as skin color, facial structures, body structures, and hair texture. George Riter (2003), define race as a socially constructed category of people who share a common biologically traits that member of a society consider important. jibe to Lovem an (1999), in her article titled IsRace inborn? outline Eduardo Bonilla-Silva ideology and explanation nigh the limitations on the study of racial phenomena. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva showed that racial phenomena can be better still if it is considered as a structural system of racism. According Loveman (1999), Eduardo Bonilla-Silva identified several limitations of the existing approaches toward racial phenomena including the narrow way racism was considered by sociologists as foreign to transcriptionatic and rational, contemporary structure, both overt and covert behavior. The article also stipulates that Eduardo Bonilla-Silva believes that the structural speculation of racism based on the concept of radicalized social system can be used to overcome the limitations of racial phenomena in order to improve the understanding of the causes, mechanism, and consequences of racial phenomena. According to Loveman (1999), Eduardo Bonilla-Silva concept of improving the understanding of ra cial phenomena was based on confounding categories, reifying race, and analytical note between race and ethnicity.In addition, Loveman (1999) demonstrated in her work that the theoretical frame work proposed by Eduardo Bonilla-Silva in order to improve the understanding of the meaning of race and the consequences of racism related to the structural theory of racism was undermined by the different concepts Eduardo Bonilla-Silva used. These include confounding categories, reifying race, and analytical distinction between race and ethnicity. Loveman (1999) and other sociologists agree with Eduardo Bonilla-Silva about the importance of improving our understanding on racial phenomena, but argued that his structural theory of racism was not the best analytical frame work for understanding the meaning of race and its consequences on the society. Furthermore, these sociologists demonstrated that in order to understand how race shape social relation in the society, race should not be consi dered as a category of analysis, but race should focus on the processes of marches construction, maintenance, and decline which is a comparative sociology of group making that was built on Weberian concept of social closure (Loveman, 1999).More ever, the view of Eduardo Bonilla-Silva on racial phenomena was back up by other researchers such as Omi and Winant. These two sociologists defended the ontological condition of race based on the circular definitions and essentialist reasoning. In addition, their argument for a distinction between race and ethnicity was based on a particular reading of U.S. history rather than on any analytical foundation. Furthermore, Omi, Winant, and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva never define racial category without referencing to race. Mean while Loveman (1999) and other sociologists like Wacquant argued that this analytical pitfall of referencing to race in the definition of racial category can be avoided successfully by considering race as a category of analys is in order to gain analytical study of race as a category of practice.Adopting this analytical frame work which focus on the processes of group making and categorization of essentializing schemas. Generally, one can explore to what extent a particular essentializing wording is related to a particular form of social closure and its consequences. Therefore, it becomes a question to what extent, systems of classification, stratification, and social injustices can be supported by ideas that race can be distinct from those informed by a discourse of ethnicity or nationality (Loveman, 1999).Again, conflict of race occurs when the majority group of the society feels that the different cultures, morals, and values of the minority group causes deviance to the society. The conflict perspective is a frame work for building theory that looks society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and changes. The race-conflict theory sees the society as an inequality and conflict between p eople of different racial and ethnic categories. The race-conflict theory is in accordance with the content of race because it highlights how race factors are linked to inequality in terms of several factors such as education, power, money, and social prestige. For example, the United States of America, which has people from different countries worldwide, is considered as the land of fortune and freedom, and it is also a country that is considered notorious for racial discrimination. From the beginning of this country, just like men confine power over women, white people have numerous advantages over people of color, including higher income, more schooling, better health and longer life expectancy. Racism has been one of the most important issues that the society have been facing and fighting for the past decades. Currently, racism has declined, but it is still an important issue that needs to be addresses always. Although removing racism from the world will caused a big bucks of sacrifices and suffering, I hope that people will be able to overcome racism, and live in a world where they do not care about an individual skin color or nationality.ReferencesHill, Mark E. Race of the Interviewer and Perception of the Skin Color Evidence from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality. American Sociology Review. Vol. 67, No.1 (Februrary 2002) 99-108.Loveman, Mara. Is Race Essential? America Sociological Review Vol. 64, No.6 (December 1990) 890-98.U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Employment Statistics. National Occupation Employment and Wage Estimate. 2012. Available at http//www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm

Plagiarism and the Internet :: Cheating Education Essays

Plagiarism and the Internet The Internets popularity has continued to grow since it first emerged, shocking the world with its n incessantly in the first place seen technological capacities. It allowed for the communication of ideas and provided people with a wealth of tuition only a click away. More widely mathematical functiond now then ever before, the Internet supplies users with easy access to various kinds of information. With the unlimited availability of information on the web today, plagiarism has become a growing problem. The abundance of information available makes it easier and increases the temptation to steal others ideas. Plagiarism, which is taking credit for individual elses ideas, is sometimes committed intentionally and other times accidentally. Often, copyrights ar violated. In order to prevent this crime form being committed it is necessary that beau monde is educated about copyright law and understands how to properly identify source material. If people understand what plagiarism is and the consequences they will face if detected, perhaps it is less likely that they will plagiarize. Today, 49% of people use the Internet as a reference source (How 1). It contains a plethora of information, and documents found on the web can be of great use when doing research. However, if ideas, concepts, or words be taken from another authors work, they must be properly cited. If they are not properly cited this is plagiarism, which is considered to be unethical act by society it also violates copyright law, and thus is punishable by law. Often people do not realize that even if they are only paraphrasing or summarizing someone elses work, idea, or concept and not directly quoting it they are still plagiarizing. Borrowing another persons idea is permissible if credit is minded(p) to whom it is due. However, stealing someone elses work or idea and acting as if it were your own is not. Thus, it is pertinent that proper citation is always used. If one fails to use proper citation, one is guilty of plagiarism, and may face legal charges for copyright violations. Plagiarism is not always committed intentionally, but the people who purposely try on to deceive others by stealing someone elses ideas should take into account the seriousness of their actions and the consequences they may face if caught. For those people who are guilty of plagiarism, but did so unintentionally and were simply unaware of what they were doing should also take into consideration their actions to try to prevent this act from occurring again in the future.

Against Schools Essay -- Analysis, John Gatto

The Quality of a childs education often all limits or opens up a world of opportunities. Those who study the purpose of familiar education and the way it is distributed throughout society can often identify clear correlations between complaisant class and the type of education a scholar receives. It is generally known by society that wealthy families obtain the best opportunities money can buy. Education is a tool of intellectual and economical empowerment and since the quality of education is strongly influenced by social class, a smaller portion of the American population obtains the opportunities acquired from a top notch education. Many muckle believe that educational inequalities are perpetuated from the interests of specific classes, but some researchers like John Gatto believe that there are even stronger social forces in play. In the essay Against Schools the author John Gatto presents three arguments (1) that are educational system is flawed, (2) that the American educ ational system is purposely designed to create a monolithic working class that is easy to manipulate, and (3) alternative t severallying methods should be applied to teach children to think for themselves. In this essay I will be summarizing and relating each of these arguments to other educational essays. Also, I will be discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the authors argument.In John Gattos essay Against Schools he states from experience as a school teacher that are current educational system is at fault (148). He claims that classrooms are often filled with boredom manufactured by repetitive class work and unenthusiastic teachings. Students are not actively engaged and challenged by their work and more often than not they have either already covered t... ... people are more advantaged than others and will receive a top notch education, while others will receive a inferior education that will prepare them less for college and more for a working class job. There most likel y is a connection between social class and the educational opportunities presented to students, but it is also possible that other social forces are at play which determines the quality of a students education. In Gattos essay it was argued that are educational system is designed to perpetuate faults in order to create a manageable society. He supports his argument with confused strong statements which makes his logic convincing, but he falls short when backing the credibility of his claims. The strengths of his essay prove to also be its weakness, which results in a bandage of literature that only succeeds in arousing emotional reactions from readers.