Intelligence - Nature vs Nurture - 1971 Words

This essay is going to discuss the role of intelligence in human beings examining both internal and external factors. Intelligence and whether it is innate or develops as one evolves, is one of humanity’s greatest debates. In everyday life one has to make decisions, solve problems and make sense of the world and what is happening in it. From an external point of view the intelligence of a human being develops through a constructive, cognitive process. Since the 1950s, cognitive developmental researches agree on the now nearly universal consensus that intellectual skills are the by-products of self-governed activity in relation to the world (Bruner, 1990; Gardner, 1985). Considering this, it is difficult to understand that scientists†¦show more content†¦Norman Doidge, the author of The Brain that Changes Itself, states that centuries of believing that the brain was a machine, instead of an organ capable of regenerating itself, gave rise to ‘neurological fat alism’, which meant to be born with a learning disability or compromised intelligence meant that one had to live with it until death (2007). He believes that the brain is plastic or malleable which mean that the brain can actually rewire itself (2007). Doidge states that there is evidence of people who had had strokes decades before and who were deamed incurable, who were helped through ‘neuroplastic treatments’ (2007). Luria, the father of neuropsychology, states that precise knowledge is rarely to be found in textbooks, which can be filled with vague suppositions and likens biological brain maps to those of medieval geographers ‘maps of the world’ (1943). Vinogradov says that the brain is like a muscle because if you train it in the right way, you can increase its capacity (2007). With all this said, the point of view that there are external influences that can affect one’s intelligence, become very convincing. Now that both some internal and external influences on intelligence have been discussed it is imperative to look at a combination of both. Most psychologists agree that intelligence develops through an interaction of organismic factors and environmental factors. An example of this is that the myelination ofShow MoreRelatedNature Vs Nurture On Intelligence4016 Words   |  17 PagesAbstract This extended essay explores the question ‘to what extent does nature and nurture influence intelligence in child development’. Nature in this context is the inborn hereditary characteristics, as well as your genes; and nurture is the environment you’re in, how what is around you affects your personally. The essay starts with the introduction over viewing what I’m going to look at and important definitions and reasons of why I’ve chosen the question. I’m going to look at a brief historyRead MoreIntelligence - Nature vs Nurture1965 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay is going to discuss the role of intelligence in human beings examining both internal and external factors. Intelligence and whether it is innate or develops as one evolves, is one of humanity’s greatest debates. In everyday life one has to make decisions, solve problems and make sense of the world and what is happening in it. From an external point of view the intelligence of a human being develops through a constructive, cognitive process. Since the 1950s, cognitive developmentalRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nurture1405 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 2015 Nature vs. Nurture Very few people know that the nature vs. nurture debate actually began early on with famous Greek philosophers such as Plato and Descartes. These two theorized that certain things were inborn and occurred naturally regardless of environmental factors (Cherry 1). Most people began to witness this debate in 1896 when the phrase â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture† was coined by English polymath, Francis Galton (â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture†Origins 1). At this point the nature vs. nurture debate grewRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture1052 Words   |  5 PagesNature vs. Nurture M. B. Liberty University Psychology 101 Nature vs. Nurture There has been extensive debate between scholars in the field of psychology surrounding the Nature vs. Nurture issue. Both nature and nurture determine who we are and neither is solely independent of the other. â€Å"As the area of a rectangle is determined by its length and its width, so do biology and experience together create us.†(Myers, 2008, p. 8) Carl Gustav Jung, and leading thinker and creator of analyticalRead MoreAdoption : Nature Vs Nurture1216 Words   |  5 PagesEric Fraley 4th hour English 3 Mrs. Laluzerne Jan, 12, 2016 Adoption Nature vs Nurture What makes someone an unique individual? Centuries of ancestors, genetics, evolution and heredity, or is what makes someone who they are based simply on how they were raised and what sort of environment they were raised in? The idea of Nature vs Nurture was created in 1869 in a book called Hereditary Genius by Francis Galton. In his book, he explains his findings on his exploration of the inheritance andRead More Nature vs Nurture Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs Nurture In his book, the universally acclaimed and bestseller The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins presents his viewpoint that living organisms are but survival machines, that the individual [is a] selfish machine, programmed to do whatever is best for its gene as a whole. In fact, this is the central concept in his book that he brings across. An individuals behaviour and actions are 100% determined by its genes and the individual behaves in accordance to ensure the best persistenceRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs Nurture The discussion about nature and nurture can be considered one of the oldest problems in psychology, the main question of which is: Are human traits present at birth or are they developing through experience? (Meyers, 2013). The natural side of the discussion asserts that the facial features and the way of their development strictly through DNA and genetics are transmitted by parents and grandparents. The nurture side of the debate argues that we are born with a clean list andRead MoreThe Debate On Nature Vs Nurture Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of the debate on nature vs nurture continues to be a controversy, more and more psychologists start to rise from both sides of the argument. The earliest evidence can be traced back to the time of John Locke, who believes that our minds are blank slates and only experience can write override it. Despite the main focus of the issue being how environment transact to influence development, psychologists today continue to argue on the is sue of nature vs nurture. Intelligence is more of a conceptRead MoreNature vs. Nurture818 Words   |  3 PagesNature Versus Nurture Introduction: There are few mysteries that are greater or provoke more debate than that which dictates human individuality. Sociologists, psychologists and genealogists have long argued over the roles played by the inherent genetic and biological features of an individual and the environmental, contextual and experiential realities surrounding the individual where the development of personality, ability and orientation are concerned. This underscores the debate between natureRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : A Debate Within Psychology1344 Words   |  6 PagesTonda PSY 100 Nature Vs. Nurture There s a debate within psychology about whether certain aspects of behavior are genetic or learned characteristics. Certain physical characteristics are genetic, like color of eyes, hair type, and skin color. Other things like driving, talking, or tying your shoes are learned. People wonder if personality and mental abilities are genetic or learned. There are good arguments for both the nurture, and nature side of these three issues: intelligence, personality,

United states History midturn review - 1630 Words

1. Which of the following would have supported the actions shown in this cartoon during Reconstruction? (number 1) -Radical Republicans -Ku Klux Klan -Northerners -Freedmens Bureau (not the answer) 2. Which statement highlights the difficulties faced by those working on the Panama Canal? (number 2) -Workers had to clear and level mountains so that the entire length of the canal would be at sea level -The treaty allowed only Americans and Panamanians to work at the site, resulting in a severe worker shortage. -Workers had to dig out tons of earth in rugged, jungle-filled terrain under hot, tropical conditions -Because there were no railroads in Panama, railroads had to be built first in order to move workers and equipment to†¦show more content†¦Who is often recognized as the first African American female entrepreneur? 22 -Jan Matzeliger -Sarah E. Goode -Carrie Nation -Madame C. J. Walker 16. What is one way the second Industrial Revolution differed from the first Industrial Revolution? 27 -The first revolution brought large numbers of immigrants to American cities. -The second revolution brought large numbers of immigrants to American cities. -The first was based on transportation improvements. -The second was based on transportation improvements. 17. Which statement describes the way war bonds raised money? 28 -The government received a cash loan from the buyer; the buyer received the original amount back plus interest. -The government received a cash contribution from the buyer; the buyer donated money that was not returned. -The government paid a cash loan to the buyer; the buyer paid back the loan plus interest. -The government received a cash loan from the buyer; the buyer received back only the interest on the loan. 18. To prepare the country for World War I, what became an early focus of American industrial mass production? 31 -ships -airplanes -automobiles -ammunition 19. Which of the following movements was instrumental in creating the scene shown in this painting 33 -Social Darwinism movement -settlement house movement -Niagara movement -nativist

Employee Attitude and Job Satisfaction

Question: Discuss about theEmployee Attitude and Job Satisfaction. Answer: Introduction: This article aims to critically analyse the major gaps amid the scientific research and HR practice in the field of employee attitudes in general and their attitude towards job-satisfaction. The main focus of the paper will be on the causes of employee attitudes and the results of negative or positive job satisfaction with a little brief about how to influence and measure employee attitudes. The research that has been carried includes enquiry and survey based on journals and articles from newspapers, online blogs by Australian bloggers, and also academic articles, historical records and statistical information. The overall research showed mixed results in employee attitudes towards job-satisfaction, still measures should be taken to enhance the level of job-satisfaction amongst employees. In future, study and research will likely to be focused upon in-depth consideration of personal characteristics, for example, feelings, moods and emotion, in describing job-satisfaction also how the attitude of employees affects the performance of organization. Keywords: Employee attitudes, Job-Satisfaction, measures, research, survey. One of the most complex situations faced by leaders and managers of an organization is the attitude of their subordinate employees towards job-satisfaction. We have repeatedly heard these two contradicting statements Happy Employees are productive employees and Happy employees are not productive employees by managers, leaders and HR professionals. Employee attitudes and job-satisfaction is now a major topic of debate and confusion amongst its practitioners. Hence, this paper aims to provide in-depth knowledge and understanding about this topic and provide commendations associated to the key practitioner awareness gaps. A study by human resource professionals Brown, Colbert Ryan and research conducted on various scholar and journal articles claims that the main gaps exists in this field are: the reason behind the changing attitudes of employees, the impact of negative and positive job satisfaction, and what measures should be taken to judge and influence the attitudes of employees. It is important to understand the meaning of job-satisfaction and employee attitudes before beginning further. Every employee at the organization has its own viewpoint about his career, his job and the organization he is working in. Conversely, based on the results of practise and research, job-satisfaction is the most pivotal attitude of an employee. Hence, this term employee attitude will be used broadly throughout the paper, though the area of concern will be job-satisfaction majorly. Locke (2002) has done a research on the topic and definition given by him is most used definition which is . . . a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences (p. 1478). The definition by Locke implicates the significance of both thinking, or cognition and feeling, or affect. Whenever we start thinking about something we develop feelings for what we are thinking, On the other hand, when there are feelings for something, we usually think about how we are feeling. Thinking and feeling are hence inseparably connected, in humans biology and even psychology. Hence, while thinking about job-satisfaction both feeling and cognition is involved. The Causes of Employee Attitudes Human resource practitioners, generally understands the significance of working conditions as cause of employee attitudes and the satisfaction for their job. Many studies have been conducted in the past to gain an understanding of cultural and dispositional influences on the job-satisfaction; still there is a major gap in the knowledge of the same. Dispositional Influences An article on dispositional influences revealed that (Motowidlo 2006) an employees score for the satisfaction of his/her job is stable over time, even if the person changes jobs frequently. One of the article stated that an individuals job satisfaction is statistically related to his childhood personality even up to 35 years far along (Staw Ross, 2005). According to a study conducted by (Erez 2014), it has been indicated that job satisfaction even depends on the differences in employees temperament or disposition, although this point is in debate from several years. Regardless of several studies and researches, it is still unknown that up to what extent disposition influences job-satisfaction. Hence, scholars now explore the inner progressions that motivate dispositional causes of job satisfaction. Such as, Durham stated that some events at workplace which might be related to employees emotions could be the reason. A study also specifies that behaviour traits, for example, meticulousness and extra-version could also result in affecting job-satisfaction. Cultural Influences The sustained globalization of corporations enforces new challenges for human resource specialists, on the other hand information available on HR issues and cosmopolitan organizational issues could help HR practitioners to gain better understanding of cultural influences on job-satisfaction. Hofstede conducted a research in 70 countries over the data on employees attitude and demonstrated that culture has a great influence on peoples perspective of job-satisfaction and thus concluded that it could be grouped into four major dimensions which are uncertainty avoidance, achievement orientation, power distance and individualism vs. collectivism. Such as, Singapore was found to be low on uncertainty avoidance and power distance while very high on individualism while for China the state was completely opposite. China is very high on collectivism and power distance, while low on uncertainty avoidance and Mexico is high on all three dimensions. The other factor in cultural influence has been found as how the employees are valued and treated across various cultures in various countries. Research indicates that there is a systematic variation on the viewpoint to which organizations view employees in humanistic vs. instrumental behaviours. As per the recommendations to bridge the gap, cognizance and awareness and at any time when probable, adjustments to cultural factors which affect the attitude of an employee towards its job and a measurement of these are significant for human resource practitioners. The Result of Positive and Negative Job Satisfaction Another major gap of knowledge is to understand the impact of job satisfaction on an employee. Multiple confusion and debates have been heard over it in the past, if the employees who are satisfied with their job have a high level of productivity. Human resource managers continually struggle over it as their motive is to limit the costs and are also apprehensive about its effects, which ultimately results in employees enactments and other results. Job Performance and Satisfaction Many of the reviews from past studies shows that there is a little and weak association amongst performance and job-satisfaction. A study from the year 1996 suggests that co-relation amid performance and job satisfaction on the statistics scale in only 0.18 (Judge and Watanabe 2006). Hence, the researchers summed up their theory by stating that association amid both was an illusory and administration fad. Conversely, an advanced study on the same contradicts the above conclusion and states that Unable to get a strong bond between performance and job-satisfaction is might be due to use of tapered characterizations of job-performance (Bono and Patton 2011). Additionally, a recent analysis of 305 studies demonstrated that, when measurement and sampling errors are modified to correct co-relations, the average co-relation amid both is as high as .30. Hence, contradicting to past studies, it seems that performance is in all manner related to job satisfaction, and connection is even more st ring in case of professionals. How to Influence and Measure Employee Attitudes One of the major gaps in HR knowledge is how to influence and measure the attitudes on employees. Various possible methods are present for example, surveying, interviewing and conducting focus groups. Out of these, the best method is well-constructed employee attitude survey (EAS). The research in this area is based on two surveys facet vs. global measures and employee attitude measures. As per the literature review, two of the broadly authenticated EAS measures are Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and Job Descriptive Index. The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire assesses job satisfaction on the basis of versatile nature of an employee; short as well as long forms are available, along with faceted and global procedures. The Job Descriptive Index evaluates satisfaction regarding job on five distinct fields which are supervision, co-workers, promotion, pay and the work itself. This has an inspiring display of validation and is reliable. Survey of Employee attitudes if used effectively could be facilitator of producing organizational change in a positive way and may also result in improving employees attitudes. All through this paper, various studies have been discussed regarding knowledge gaps and also the paper discussed suggestions and various measures to close these gaps. One of the essential measures to bridge this gap is to have better and enhanced information from the research. As the HR professionals are always in demand for one or the other tasks, it would be really difficult to manage this, yet this is increasingly expected of HR practitioners. Conclusion and Future Guidelines The area of managerial psychology consists of rich, long and sometimes, contentious past in relation to the understanding of employee attitudes and job-satisfaction. Few of the scholars and researchers deliver guidance related to measuring, improving and understanding attitudes of the employees in the real world while some of the researchers are very specific and focused mainly on other publishers. Future researches based on employees attitude and job satisfaction will try to possess a better understanding of the interaction amid the situation and the individual, also several external and internal aspects which affects the attitude of an employee will be discussed. Particularly, an enhanced knowledge of emotions role along with wider environmental impacts is the necessity of future research which has been overlooked in past. Additionally, future research will be responsible for detailed understanding of effects of employees attitude and job satisfaction on administrative dealings, for example, fiscal procedures and customer satisfaction. More prominent experiences on the relationship between representative dispositions and business execution will help HR experts as they endeavor to improve the vital individuals side of the business in an exceedingly focused, worldwide field. References Erez, M. (2014). Toward a model of cross-cultural industrial and organizational psychology, Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol. 4, pp. 559608). Hofstede, G. (1980). Cultures consequences: International differences in work-related values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Hofstede, G. (1985). The interaction between national and organizational value systems. Journal of Management Studies, 22, 347357 Iaffaldano, M. R., Muchinsky, P. M. (2015). Job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 97, 251273. Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E. (2011). Relationship of core self-evaluations traitsself-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stabilitywith job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, pp. 8092. Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., Patton, G. K. (2011). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review, Psychological Bulletin, 127, pp. 376407. Judge, T. A., Watanabe, S. (2006). Individual differences in the nature of the relationship between job and life satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67, pp. 101107. Locke, E. A. (2001). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, pp. 12971349). Locke, E. A., Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57, 705717. Motowidlo, S. J. (2006). Orientation toward the job and organization: A theory of individual differences in job satisfaction. In K. R. Murphy (Ed.), Individual differences and behavior in organizations, pp. 175208. Organ, D. W., Ryan, K. (2015). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior, Personnel Psychology, 48, 775802. Rynes, S. L., Colbert, A. E., Brown, K. G. (2002). HR professionals beliefs about effective Human resource practices: Correspondence between research and practice. Human Resource Management, 41, 149174 Saari, L. M. (1999). Global perspectives in service quality, Paper presented at the Fourteenth Annual Conference for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Atlanta, GA. Saari, L. M., Schneider, B. (2001). Going global: Surveys and beyond. Professional workshop presented at the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA. Staw, B. M., Ross, J. (2005). Stability in the midst of change: A dispositional approach to job attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 469480.

International Marketing Strategy free essay sample

According to Catherine (2011) when the business is in need of expansion and it has saturated the domestic market it goes for broader sector namely the international market. Thus the concept of international market has grown. Therefore, the international marketing strategy is somehow situational and more practical. As the product are being closely monitored by the consumers and their communities the quality and strategies followed by the marketers are also distinctive and various in nature. Finding all these scenarios any one can assume the continuous transitions of business conglomerates. As any business enters the international market arena it gets involved in different situations which are distinguished in nature as well as demands more strategic divisions of decisions program and other business program attires (Miller, 2008). In this paper, the Unilever will be focused from the different strategy of the international marketing in different market to achieve the target market in the international business from the two markets comparison. We will write a custom essay sample on International Marketing Strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page March (2010) argued that, the international organization has different strategy to compete with the competitors in the global market. The carefully chosen strategy, therefore, is a core competitive part in the international marketing of goods and services across the world. 2. Company profile According to Unilever Website (2012), An Anglo-Dutch Company Unilever is now one of the largest consumer goods organizations among all the subcontinents in the world. Therefore, around 247000 people are employed herein Unilever and count a revenue of around $50000 in 2010. According to Meng (2009), the potentially expert Unilever is thus dominating the big part of the world’s largest producer of consumer goods. It has two counterparts, namely Unilever NV in Rotterdam, Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, United Kingdom. Both the parts have the same directors and same leadership activeness. Under the worthy leadership both the part work efficiently and fighting against their rival part likes Nestle and Proctor amp; Gamble. In this competitiveness the world class marketing strategy has given Unilever a competitive edge over the rivals and other aging consumer goods companies across the world (Cyert, 2011). Considering the history we get that Lever Brothers was established in 1885 as soap factory. Initially focusing on a specific product Lever Brothers have focused on the consumer foods later on. Basically they merged with the Margarine Company Unie and then stated business over 40 countries. Some key factors about Unilever * In 2011 Unilever has a annual turnover of $40 billion * 147000 people were employed in Unilever through the world in the last year * Everyday Unilever products are chosen by 160 million families for consumptions * In 2011 Unilever has invested $450 million for research and development * In 2011 they have invested $70 million for the projects in different communities Unilever brand category management: Unilever Source: international business week, 2010 The emerging trends of Unilever has contributed its fast pace in the international markets along with the other fierce rivals. This is how the Unilever is now an established conqueror in the history of world’s business. The first world war, the second world war and various civil wars and rebellion across the world have affected the way of moving. But overcoming them still Unilever is the most growing company on earth. 3. International marketing strategy The Unilever has developed its international marketing strategy considering the variables which is related with the human behavior towards product. Therefore, as international company Unilever sets international marketing strategy through the consideration of the market, consumer behavior, cultures, customs, economy which are different from one country to another country. However, to assess the international marketing strategy of Unilever, the market of India is compared with the market of Hong Kong to bring the better understanding of the international marketing strategy. 3. 1 Market saturation As the companies actualized their profits in an area and find little scope to expand the product line and profit strategies over the certain areas, they go for other sectors. And this is international business field which enables them to find newer ways to attract the customers and potential consumers. Unilever has also taken necessary initiatives regarding these market saturation alternatives. Unilever has found the international customer groups as more lucrative than the domestic markets. Thus they strive to capture the customer groups of the Asia, Asia-pacific region market. But at the same time there exist some operating threats regarding the business in strategic divisions (Doyle, 2011). For an example, Unilever has developed different products and marketing campaigns during the several years to scrutinize the market. In that sense, The Company has developed Sunsilk product and this product has been oiled in the India. But, when it launches in the Hong Kong it has changed its strategy to market the products in the Honk Kong market. So, to set the international market saturation the strategy need to adapt considering the nature of the country. . 2 Coping with the global Environment: As the consequence of the competition, Unilever is focusing on different strategies in the global working environment. Notwithstanding, the nature of competition is different based on different types of goods a company produces and the types of products a company actually market in the global environment, the global competition is increasing in a very fast pace. In this rega rd, the Unilever faces the global environment from the two different forms. One is Microenvironment and the other is Macro environment. 3. 2. 1 Microenvironment Unilever considers microenvironment to adapt the marketing strategies in the global village. Therefore, Unilever try to focus on the company, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, competitions, publics, and customers as the micro environment. In the international marketing strategy, Unilever is concerned to package and customize in the Indian, Honk Kong, and Bangladesh market. However, the Hong Kong market is differs from the Indian market. In India, Unilever considers the reasonable price which is less than Hong Kong market, whereas the price for same product is higher in the Hong Kong market. In case of Bangladesh, Unilever enjoys the leading advantage in the market as the company has captured the major market share. For example, in Bangladesh every person prefers to purchase Unilever product. For that reason, the customers are focused on the different manner of the microenvironment. Customers Publics Marketing Intermediaries Competitors Unilever Suppliers Figure: Microenvironment of Unilever. Source: Sales promotion (2011) Components| India| Bangladesh| Hong Kong| Suppliers| Third Party| Third Party| Third party| Competitors| Merico, Nestle, Pamp;G| Merico, Nestle,| Pamp;G, Nestle, RB| Marketing Intermediaries| Agencies and people| Different Agencies| Agencies and people| Customers| All customers| Urban people | All customers| | | | | 3. 2. 2 Macro Environmen In the operation of the international marketing strategy, Unilever try to focus on the larger macro environment to bring the opportunities. Therefore, Unilever find the six factors of the macro environment like demographic, economic, natural, technological, political, and cultural. For example, the Dove shampoo has been marketed in the Indian market and Hong Kong market. The marketing strategy was not the same in the India and Hong Kong. The Indian market is considered to serve lower price as the economic condition is not developed. Whereas, Hong Kong has higher price compared to the Indian market considering the economic condition of the country. But, Unilever expands its operation in Bangladesh capturing the major market share. Finally, the strategy in the different marketing strategy is working which brought the positive result to become the leading brand in the global market place. Economy Technology Unilever Laws and Policies Demographics Social Values Figure: Macro environment of Unilever. Source: Dillon (2012) According to Hinings (2007), global competitors like Nestle and P amp; G are also an ever rival counterpart and they are also adopting newer ways to fight these challenges in the micro and macro environment. Still anyone who is attached to the consumption of international quality goods would recommend and comment about Unilever in the most positive way due to the high customer segment management and supply chain management and other relationship management within the organization. Experts have identified supply chain management however as very important in this regard. The growth share matrix shown below is important— Components| India | Bangladesh | Hong Kong| Social| Involving social action | Performing CSR| CSR activities| Political| Balanced politics and operations| Political Instability balanced with operation| Stable political condition| Technological| Huge supports of technology| Low support of technology| High supports of technology| Economy| Developing economy| Developing economy| Developed economy| Laws| Maintaining company laws and ordinance| Maintaining company laws and ordinance | Maintaining company laws and ordinance| Source: CIA Factbook, 2011 The globalization of the domestic business can facilitate very rare advantage for a company on this world. This is how a company in the global place should act in a more situational form so that they can conquer their rival counterpart. 3. 3 Market Segmentation The Unilever tends to look on the market segments through the consideration of the consumer wants, resources, locations, buying attitudes, and buying practices. Therefore, Unilever pays attention to the market segmentation in which the company divides the market into the smaller part. Normally, this company considers major segmentation of the consumer market like geography, demography, psychograph, and behavioral. For an example, Unilever consider benefit segmentation in the international marketing and searches the behavioral buying pattern of the consumer to implement best strategy to the targeted customer like, the customer of the Dove moisturizing cream and Lux in the India and Hong Kong. Recently, it started huge promotion to promote Vaseline in Bangladesh and got success in the promotional plan. 3. 3 Market Positioning According to Doyle (2008), the international market positioning needs to assess the value proposition of the specific markets. Therefore, Unilever focus on the value proposition to achieve the products position in the market. To bring the market positioning Unilever believes that, the products and services are produced in the factory but, brands are produced in mind. For that reason, Sunsilk is positioned with the slogan of everyone has beautiful hair. However, positioning techniques of the Unilever is designed to achieve the customer buying decision. Unilever believes customer don’t try to evaluate products again and again. Therefore, customer automatically buys products from the past experience and brand massage. Unilever tends to set the position on the customer mind considering the perception, impression, and feelings in line with the consideration of the competitors. To implement positioning the company considers the following facts. 3. 4 Market diversification Jaworski (2010) argued that, one of the most important part and cause, why Unilever has entered international trade is the market diversification. After properly segmented market a marketer perhaps needs to find the most influential niche part. Different studies on Unilever show that main strength of Unilever is identifying a vacuum and anything specific and diversified may facilitate a proper click there. From this perspective now the world’s largest merger is successfully conducting and coordinating product development. Unilever has invested tens of billions of dollars to find out the best diversified markets in the world for the development of their new products. But other sees this investment to some extent improper. Though being a consumer good in different countries Unilever has focused on the service foods in others. These kinds of diversifications have given and bestowed Unilever with different types of strength and weakness. 3. 5 Economies of scale James (2008) argued that, another very important issue is the economies of scale. To reduce the production cost Unilever has found out some of the crucial ways to support their products quality and let the cost less than any other company production. This has, however given the strategic business unit (SBU) to think comparatively standard than any other product case. For an example, the economy of India is more difficult than the Hong Kong. In addition, Hong Kong has higher income levels and developed infrastructure to operate the business. But, India has poor distribution channel and low income levels. 4. Global marketing strategy analysis: Unilever has adopted various global marketing strategies in order to lead the global market. According to Craig and Douglas (2009), among these strategies the market information management is one of the core part Unilever has always processed and adopt. The market information analyses are too important for knowing the market trends and the market environment. International framework followed by Unilever— Source: International framework by Craig (2000) and Kumar (2000). However, the market analyses give the marketer and investor with different insights about the going concerns about the customer demands and needs. Therefore, the information management can clearly tell which parts are to be modified and which parts need to be reorganized for the betterment of the product development. Hutzschenreuter (2008) claimed that, Unilever has already invested a heavy amount on the market research portion in order to get the actual insight about the customer and their buying patterns. For an example, the international marketing strategy of Dove shampoo has got focus in the India and Hong Kong. First, the Dove shampoo is brought in the Indian market with massage of beauty for all women. Secondly, Dove is marketed in the Hong Kong market with the real beauty massage which is concerned in the international marketing. (See Appendix F) 4. Cultural differences If the examples of different cultural musing can be followed then it can easily be said that Unilever is liberal to any distinguished culture across the world. This cultural difference has blessed Unilever with newer thinking. This has let them reengineer their sectors pertaining to the production, market mix and promotion (Morgan, 2009). For an example, the marketing technique in Brazil and United States has different appr oach due to the cultural difference. In Brazil, Unilever set target to whole market rather segmentation. In this case, the skin discrimination is not mentioned as well. Unilever total brand shares in the market: Source: Sale Monitor (2011) 4. 3 Reaching the remoteness The developing world is suffering from various kinds of limitations including bad communication system. Therefore, this is one of the biggest barriers for the international trade. Along with other rivals Unilever has the same difficulties. But, this is contrasted by Berthon (2011) as, the wisely taken steps and carefully selected distribution network have contributed the continuous profits. For an example, a corporate symbol Unilever has launched its own product delivery Lorries and various vehicles in India and Hong Kong. This has fostered the way of distribution. In spite of having the corporate branding through various accessories the remoteness still is far behind where the market niches are still not captured. 4. 4 Logistic system Unilever’s logistic system is considered to be one of the best logistic systems for distributing products. In the Europe and Asia Unilever has invested more than $50 million for the development of the distribution through a dynamic third party (see Appendix D) logistic system. This has given Unilever a higher level competitive edge over the other competitors in the market. But some analysts have criticized the way of designing the logistic system which is only oriented to the wholesaler and retailer. 4. 5 Proper scrutinizes of the customer demand As the customers are different based on the different culture, Unilever has tried different distinctive researches on the consumer demands related to various situations and got a glorious outlook. Hoffman (2008) stated that, though there were some silly failures, still the ultimate step towards launching a product is always successful. These types of initiative are rare among other marketing strategies which have distinguished Unilever from the competitors in the Hong Kong and India. 4. 6 Distinguished markets: Along with the other 400 brands Unilever has chalked out some plans that have modified the way to capture larger share in the markets. Global strategy designed for Unilever is Aligned Organisation Disciplined Execution Clear Growth Strategy Source: Unilever global strategy design (2011) Unilever has designed several marketing styles for the new markets, some of them were really boosting. Aulakh (2009) mentioned that, there is significant characteristic in the business formula design. Therefore, there is a combination of three parts. Each of which has a distinguished effect on the product strategy development. Clear growth strategy denotes the core growth technique Unilever follows globally for all the markets. Clear growth strategy is then combined with the aligned organization, who contributes to logistic system and quality control unit of the Unilever. After that the successful execution is executed. 4. 7 Marketing Mix Every company in the international arena follows some distinguished marketing strategies; according to some experts the distinctive ways of marketing mix has given the Unilever a way to successful business operating system. 4. 7. 1 Product Lages (2010) claimed that, there are 400 brands of Unilever products it has some diversification. Some of the well-known products brand around the world are rexona deodorant, axe spray, pure it, lux, clear, close-up. Some experts have recommended some product omission or development to concise the marketing strategy for greater profits mechanism. Still, the carefully chosen product category is very crucial points why Unilever has made an immense success. The distinguished products are the main strength of Unilever in general trade (GT) arena (see Appendix H) 4. 7. 2 Price The pricing strategy is like a push strategy followed by Unilever worldwide. The price strategy is mingled with the cultural differences and customers affordability. Pricing are basically based on the product distinction. But some experts say that the push and pull strategy should be integrated to provide long term relationships with the suppliers and the consumers simultaneously. However, the pricing strategy is critically accepted in terms of niche market. 4. 7. 3 Place The distribution of the carefully designed product gives the Unilever a competitive edge over the other international brand. The place choosing seems to be a very difficult task for the international business conglomerates. The business expansionary activities are also worth-mentioning of Unilever. This is the way the experts have denoted why Unilever has mastered over others. But in the developing countries the distribution network is still low-powered to capture the unsorted market segments. 4. 7. 4 Promotion Unilever is committed to provide with the best promotional activities among the other rivals. The close-up TV commercials (see Appendix B) with the youngsters have influenced the young segments of the markets all around the world. Again the same toothpaste category like personal care(see Appendix E) the Pepsodent has influenced the upgraded market with a view to having both niches under the same umbrella (Patterson, 2003). Experts have also identified the technique of assuming the distinguished culture of the operating countries which have enabled the Unilever to get emotionally touched with the customer of the special segments. Again, for an example, the beauty contest named â€Å"Lux Superstar† is another concept which has enhanced the sale of Lux by 20%. These are some of the crucial aspects. At the same time, some critics have seen the arrogant promotion as a threat to their traditional cultural practice. Nonetheless, the promotional activities used by the Unilever are a brain-child of proper research Following figure shows how sales has comparatively increasing compared to customers: Source: Euro Monitor Unilever (2010) 5. International marketing concept: Basically Unilever has focused on the domestic business in 1917, but afterward it was more than the domestic border. And now Unilever is one the largest growing concern in the world. But before entering the international sector they focused on some key aspects like 5. 1 Cultural adaptation According to Katsikeas (2010), Unilever has always focused on the cultural differentiation of the different countries all over the world. Moreover, Experts have already made assumption over the future estimation of the Unilever’s share in the market and it is more than any other counterpart. Customers do not suffer from shopping complex (SC) now (see Appendix I). In spite of having this cultural adaptation, in some places of the world are yet to mingle with. However, with this little bad stroke Unilever is successful in marketing the product accessories in different markets of the world. For an example, market segmentation is not needed in the African counties. For that reason, it brings the cultural difficulties in the global marketing strategies. 5. 2 Evaluation of the strategies According to some experts the Unilever has partially taken the decisions for the welfare of the corporate society only. Some of the key aspects of the evaluations are as follows- The cultural mingling is not for holding the culture, rather it is a new way of strategic marketing Some of the production are not environmental-friendly like the Personal Products (PP). (see appendix C) The carbon emission rate is increasing day by day. In spite of having some partially blue aspects Unilever’s marketing strategy are sold off all around the world. Critics say some weakness in maintaining customer relationships in some geographical areas. 6. Recommendation: Lages (2009) argued that, strategic bureaucracy is very important in business. And the multi- national companies are following some drastic efforts in order to deliver their products in the right time and at the right place. Thus the recommendation focuses on The successful distribution of the products within the market segment which paves the way to successful marketing pattern; A carefully designed logistic system can give the company a strategic advantage, which is the biggest challenge nowadays, faced by the multinational corporation. Maintenance of customer relationship management (CRM) through rigorous assessment of customer needs and wants through fast moving consumer goods(see Appendix G) All kind of technological advancement for all the markets to maintain a balance of marketing strategy and quality control Identifying potential threats from the change in the environment Analyzing competitor’s strengths in the same niche market using updated marketing intelligence. 7. Conclusion However, Unilever has some competitive advantages in some of the areas of business around the world. The international standard designed and customer oriented product supply chain is a specific characteristic of Unilever. Market analyses, market research are also some of the key areas Unilever has already grown its focus on. These types of initiative shave paved the way to a greater development in the international trade over the boundaries and to the remote village of country like Peru through an integrated marketing concept. This is how Unilever is not all- round in business but also the cultural partnering. References: Ahmed, Z. U. , Mohamed, O. , Johnson, J. P. , amp; Meng, L. Y. (2010). Export promotion programs of Malaysian ? ms: An international marketing perspective. Journal of Business Research, vol-55(10), PP-831–843. Audia, P. G. , amp; Greve, H. R. (2006). Less likely to fail: Low performance, ? rm size, and factory expansion in the shipbuilding industry. Management Science, vol-52(1), pp-83–94. [online] Available from: Business Source Premier http://web. e bscohost. com/ [Accessed 3 November, 2012]. Aulakh, P. S. , Kotabe, M. , amp; Teegen, H. (2011). Export strategies and performance of ? rms from emerging economies: Evidence from Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. The Academy of Management Journal,vol- 43(3), pp-342–361. Bagozzi, R. P. , amp; Foxall, G. R. (2009). Construct validation of a measure of adaptive– innovative cognitive styles in consumption. International Journal of Research in Marketing, vol-13(3), pp-201–213. Boeker, W. (2010). Strategic change: The in? uence of managerial characteristics and organizational growth. The Academy of Management Journal, vol-40(1), pp-152–170. [online] Available at: http://genderandset. open. ac. uk/index. php/genderandset/article/viewFile/65/175, [Accessed 3 November, 2012]. Brouthers, L. E. , Werner, S. , amp; Matulich, E. (2012). The in? uence of triad nations envi- ronments on price–quality product strategies and MNC performance. Journal of International Business Studies,vol- 31(1), pp-39–62. Burgelman, R. A. , amp; Grove, A. S. (2011). Let chaos reign, then rein in chaos—repeatedly: Managing strategic dynamics for corporate longevity. Strategic Management Journal, vol-28(10), pp. 965–979. [online] Available at: www. jisc. ac. uk/[Accessed 3 November, 2012]. Catherine M. (2011), Marketing Strategy: International Trade, Journal of Business,vol- 76(1), pp-39–62 Cavusgil, S. 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[on line], available at lt;http://www. sswm. info/category/step-business-development/sswm-business/sswm-business/scanning-sswm-environment/scanning-exgt;[Accessed 16-October-2012] Doyle, P. (2008). Value-based marketing: Marketing strategies for corporate growth and shareholder value. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Doyle, P. , Saunders, J. , amp; Wong, V. (2008). Japanese marketing strategies in the UK: A comparative study. Journal of International Business Studies, 17(1), 27–46. [online] Available at lt;http://www. lertnet. org/thefacts/reliefsources gt; [Accessed 16-October-2012] Hinings, C. R. , amp; Greenwood, R. (2010). The dynamics of strategic change. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Hortinha, P. , Lages, C. , amp; Lages, L. F. (2011). The trade-off between customer and tech- nology orientations: Impact on innovation capabilities and export performance. Journal of International Marketi ng, vol-19(3), pp. 36–58. Hult, G. T. M. , Ketchen, D. J. , Jr. , Grif? th, D. A. , Chabowski, B. 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Achilles, The Hero Essays - Trojans, Achilles, Iliad, Hector

Achilles, The Hero I have chosen Achilles to write my paper on because his character is the central story line in the Iliad. Although it may seem that the main theme is about the totality and gruesomeness of when the poem is first read, this is not the main focus. The actual fighting and Trojan War could be compared to Saving Private Ryan. We get raw details of the war without missing any of the descriptive details. Achilles is the character I was most interested in because he was an extraordinary fighter, man, and hero. We see how Achilles matures from a bloodthirsty warrior in the beginning to a more reserved and thoughtful man by the end of the Iliad. Achilles is a semi-god because his mom, Thetis, is a goddess and his father, Peleus, is a mortal. Achilles shows the greatest military skill of any Achaean and has the greatest fighting ability of all Trojan and Achaean warriors. He is considered to worth an entire army when fighting in a battle. In the beginning of the Iliad Achilles is known as a ruthless and unstoppable killing force. Anyone he could not send to the House of Death he would hold as captives on his ship. He did all of this killing and destruction for the glory. When the Argives asked Achilles and his friend, Patroclus, to help them conquer Troy and get Helen back, Achilles agreed only because of the glory and fame he could achieve from it. Achilles had no reason to fight the Trojans because they had not wronged him, at least not yet. He joined the Argives because he felt this war would be the quickest way to gain glory. Achilles wanted to become famous. Achilles quickly became the Argives main fighting force. Agamemnon, the leader of the Argives, called him the most violent man alive. When Agamemnon takes Briseis, his favorite prize, Achilles become angry. The reason Agamemnon took Briseis is because he had to give his own prize, Chryseis, back to her father. Until she was returned Apollo would wreak havoc on the Argives day and night. The taking of Briseis hurt Achilles pride. He was disgruntled because he had not way to gain his glory back. He could not retaliate and put up a good fight in front of his men. This scenario reminds me of the bully picking a little kid on the playground, while all the other children are watching. Achilles decides to get even with Agamemnon for taking his prize so he prays to his mom to go to Zeus, the god of gods, and beg a favor. He wants his mom to ask Zeus to have the Trojans begin winning the war. At this point Achilles has stopped helping the Argives in their battle against Troy because he is mad at Agamemnon. Thetis warns Achilles that if he returns to the battle instead of going home he will die under Troys walls. Achilles has a big decision to make. One choice is he can change his attitude and start respecting life, which means he would go home. Achilles other choice is to ignore his mom and fight anyway. If he continues fighting he would die a famous and almost godly warrior. While Achilles is still deciding what to do Zeus sends Patroclus, Achilles best friend, back into battle where he dies at the hand of Hector. Achilles is furious. He returns to battle in a fury of anger. Achilles does not return for glory this time. Instead, he returns because he valued his friend and wants to avenge his death. Achilles chases the Trojans back to the walls of Troy. There is chases down Hector and kills him. Then he displays his body in the most disgraceful fashion. Zeus sends King Priam. Priam is Hectors dad and he has come to retrieve his sons body. He wants to give his son a proper burial. Achilles does not want to return the body at first, but Priam is able to change his mind. Priam convinces Achilles what the effect of killing has. He shows him the pain, suffering, and destruction that it causes people. The King even reveals his pain at Hectors death to Achilles.

The Constitution essays

The Constitution essays The Declaration of Independence called for a democratic government and the first result was the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation was too weak to be an effective form of government. It did however, pave the way to the U.S. Constitution which was a much stronger form of government. Did the writers of the Constitution create an aristocratic government to benefit a wealthy few, or did the writers of the Constitution recognize the importance of a strong central government that could run the country effectively? The Declaration of Independence did call for a democratic government. America had felt that the English monarchy had invaded their rights. Many people were scared that a strong centralized government, even a democratic one, would trample their rights just as easily as England had. Keeping this in mind, the writers of the Articles of Confederation opted for a league of friendship between the different states. Each state had control of its own currency, laws, tariffs, etc.... Although this league of friendship may have quieted fears of a strong, centralized, and imposing government, the effectiveness of the Articles of Confederation soon came into question. The Articles of Confederation had some weaknesses. The regulation of commerce was not left to the government under the Articles of Confederation. This left the individual states free to use their own currency, making the ability to tax the states relatively impossible. The government asked the states to voluntarily contribute their share, which they seldom did. The national government was virtually powerless under the Articles of Confederation, and eventually the convention that brought forth the United States Constitution came about. Although the Articles of Confederation were ineffective, they were a great stepping stone to the Constitution, outlining general powers that the centra ...

Organisational behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Organisational behavior - Essay Example The organisation selected for this task in KnowHow, a strategic business unit of Dixons Retail Group. The paper is divided into five sections. Section one is this introduction. Section two begins with a company overview of the Dixons Retail Group that includes a description of the organisation’s human resource management. In the sub-section that follows, the paper introduces and describes the individual who has been identified as a leader within the selected organisation. Section three goes deeper into identifying the traits that make the selected individual a leader. Two different techniques are used to do this. First the paper uses the traits that a modern serial entrepreneur, Penny Herscher, uses to identify leaders within her organisation. The second approach is based on the Goleman’s academically acclaimed emotional intelligence approach. Section four measures the effectiveness of the identified leader’s leadership style using contingency theories of leaders hip proposed by Fielder, Vroom and Yetton and Lorsch. Section five summarises key points and implications. 2.0. Dixons Retail Group 2.1. Company overview Dixons Retail Group is among Europe’s top specialist electric retailer that that sells consumer electronics, personal computers, photographic equipment, domestic appliances and related services. As at end of 2011 the organisation had over 1,200 stores, in 28 countries in Europe and a workforce of 38,000 staff. Annual revenue for 2011 was UK ?8.15 billion. The group has a portfolio of several brands that are grouped under four geographic divisions: UK & Ireland, Nordics, other international and pure-play e-commerce (Dixons Retail, 2012a). Dixons retail was founded in 1932, made public in 1962 and has grown to its current size largely through making strategic acquisitions. UK & Ireland has been the core market for Dixons Retail and it reflects this by offering the organisation’s most comprehensive end to end service o ffering in electric retailing and services in the UK. The brands managed by this division are: Currys, PC World, Black, DSGi Business, Dixons Travel, Partmaster and KnowHow (Dixons Retail, 2012a). In 2011, the Nordic division – with about a third of the number of stores operated by the UK & Ireland division – outdid the UK & Ireland division by ?34.3 million in earnings before interest and taxes. There are four brands under the Nordics division: Lefdal, Gigantti, El Giganten and Elkjop brands. The international division consists of four brands: UniEuro and PC City in Italy, Kotsovolos in Greece, and Electro World in the Slovakia, Turkey and Czech Republic. Most of these brands also have dual sales channels that is, through physical stores and online. The segregated e-commerce division is focused on two brands PIXmania and dixons.co.uk. 2.2. Human resource management at Dixons Retail Human resource management (HRM) within an organisation is intricately involved with t he type of leadership that gets nurtured and developed within that given organisation. Human resource (HR) practices create an infrastructure that affects employees, customers, line managers, and investors. When HR practices align with

Final Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Final Exam - Assignment Example P3 initiates RNAIII that codes 6-hemolysin. P2 operon is 3Kb in length. It is unique when compared to P3 since it has up to four open reading frames, agrA, agrB, agrC, and agrD. The agrA controls the sensory transduction while agrB is responsible for the production of histidine phosphokinase in bacteria. Due to mutations, defects may occur in any one of four open reading frames, the resulting strains don’t have P2 and P3 transcripts, beside they become arg-. These strains cannot initiate transcription from the P2 and P3. Insertion at C1Ai site in the RNARIII region in P3 results in inactivation of arg functions. 2. a) ÃŽ ²-lactamase has higher activity as compared to the normal P2 and P3 promoters, and thus ÃŽ ²-lactamase can make other existing non-useful plasmids like p1524 unstable. Using P2 and P3 instead of ÃŽ ²-lactamase allows expression of the p15424, and this interferes with the results. b) RN6390B, arg+ produces stronger signals for alpha and beta hemolysins than does RN69 11, a null-arg strain, whose signal is extremely weak. If the researcher used arg+ instead, he would not obtain the same results due to interference by other unnecessary signals. c) When a B lymphocyte secretes antibodies that are directed towards a specific epitope on an antigen, we call the antibodies monoclonal. However, when a significant number of antibodies are secreted that have different affinities and specificities towards different epitopes, we call them polyclonal antibodies. B- hemolysin antibody is a polyclonal antibody, has a wide range of affinities and specificities and thus it can detect any antigen present in its environment. d) In anti-b blot, protein A produces a stronger signal for arg-a42 and no signal in arg-a40. The signal for B-hemolysin is present only in arg-a40 and not arg-a42. These results mean that different regions of P3 codes for different chemicals. 3. The author used RN7220 because it can increase the hla

Plagiarism and Academic Integrity Research Paper

Plagiarism and Academic Integrity - Research Paper Example Proper paraphrasing should involve using your own word to express another person’s idea. Nevertheless, you should still acknowledge the original source of the idea through in text citation and in the reference page. However, rearranging word in a statement entails copying someone’s idea, which is equivalents to plagiarizing (Walden University, 2012).   The third thing I learnt about plagiarism is when I am supposed to cite sources. From the weeks readings, I have learnt that I should always cite direct quotes from other peoples work, paraphrased or summarized ideas, statistical information, when not sure if a certain concept require citation and whenever I make use of any source that contains someone else idea (City College of San Francisco , 2011; Prentice Hall Companion, 2011). This knowledge is crucial and will enable me to indicate the original source of information I may use in my own writing always. This is crucial since it will enable me build my academic integrity and avoid mishaps such as cancelation of assignments. Acknowledging other people’s ideas will enable me to become a responsible student since I will be recognizing the people who have played a role in my learning. Academic integrity is important because it helps in development of honesty and responsible. Academic integrity means being able to respect other people’s work by being able to distinguish my ideas and acknowledging those of others. Academic integrity helps in establishment of dignity between the students, instructors and the entire institution. Additionally, academic integrity enables creation of an environment when students are able to triumph out of their own efforts (Walden University, 2012).   An institution that emboldens academic integrity enables the students to develop their own philosophies. Instructors are able to identify the students input into a piece of work when they acknowledge other

AN analysis of child labour in india

AN analysis of child labour in india Child labour has been in India from a long time in some form or the other. Practice of child labour in match box industries, glass bangle industries and is very commonly seen in cheap restaurants and dhabas etc. Generally speaking child labour can be said to be the exploitation or abuse of children in factories, industries etc, who are below the age specified by law working (mentally or physically) to earn for his/her own survival or to support his/her family partially or fully, and which prevents his/her social and education development may be said to be child labour. The reasons which are generally responsible for child labour may include  [1]  : Poverty, Ignorance, Illiteracy, Population explosion, Lack of knowledge of their own rights, Big amounts of debt on the parents, Large size of family but not enough income to support such big family, Lack of social security scheme in the country, Weak enforcement of labour laws. According to an U.N.O report India has the maximum child labour in the world i.e. approx 20 per cent.  [2]  On the basis of Census 1991 and various governmental and non-governmental organizations following are the number of child labourers in India  [3]  : Census 1991 2.63 crore, Organization research group, Baroda, 1994-95 4.44 crore, Centre for concern of Child Labour 10 crore. Extra-governmental volunteer organization more than 5 crore. The numbers may vary according to different organizations but the fact is clear that the numbers of child labourers in India are in crores, which is again a pathetic sight, especially with all the various child labour legislation and the Constitutional provisions. In a report by the Labour Ministry every 4th child is a child labour, aged between 5-14 years and there is one child labour in every three families.  [4]   But its not as if Indian governments havent done anything about this grave social stigma, over the years it has enacted many statutory legislations and Constitutional provisions in order to eradicate the problem of child labour, to name some of them, we have: Labour legislations: The Child Labour Act, 1986, The Factories Act, 1948, The Mines Act, 1952, The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, The Minimum Wages Act, 1948, The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act, 2000 Constitutional provisions  [5]  : Article 24 provides: strictly prohibits children to work in hazardous environment. Article 21, 45 gives the right to education to all the children below the age of 14years. Article 39 declares the duty of the State to provide the children a free facilities to develop in conditions of freedom and dignity in a healthy manner. India is also a party to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child, 1959. India is also a signatory to: ILO Forced Labour Convention (No. 29); ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No. 105); UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children. The Government of India adopted the National Policy for Children (NPC) in August 1974. This Policy provided that  [6]  It shall be the policy of the state to provide adequate service to children both before and after birth and through the period of their growth, to ensure their full physical, mental and social development. The State shall progressively increase the scope of such services so that, within a reasonable time, all children in the country enjoy optimum conditions for their balanced growth. Indian is also a party to United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child, 1959 and Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1992 and has formulated its labour laws in accordance to International Labour Conference resolution of 1979. The first part of the paper aims to look into the various legislations relating to child labour. In the second part we shall look into the various precedents set by the Supreme Court of India on the issue of child labour and finally the conclusion. Chapter 1 CONSTITUTIONLA AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS Constitutional provisions The government of India has enacted various labour laws has in accordance to International Labour Conference resolution of 1979. The Constitution of India, through various articles enshrined in the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy, lays down that: Article 21 (A) The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age six to 14 years; Article 24 No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. The word hazardous employment in Art 24 also includes construction industry, also in P.N. v. U.O.I  [7]  , it has been laid down that Art 24 is enforceable even in the absence of implementing legislations;  [8]   Article 39(e) States that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength; Article 39(f) States that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment  [9]  . Hence Art 39 in whole requires the state to ensure and protect the children and provide proper child care. Article 45 The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years The framers of the Constitution imposed a duty on the State under Article 45 as one of the directive principles of the State Policy to provide free and compulsory education to all children until they complete the age of 14 year with the sole objective of completely eradicating illiteracy and child labour. Also many of the states had passed various Acts providing for free and compulsory primary or elementary education to children. But unfortunately years after the commencement of the Constitution the goal set by this Article which was to be achieved in 10 years, have yet not been reached. But the provision in article 39(f) and 45 of the constitution gave certain directions in providing a better quality of life of children employed in the factories. Labour legislations The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986: The Act prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in 13 occupations and 51 processes that are hazardous to the childrens lives and health listed in the Schedule to the Act  [10]  . The Factories Act, 1948: The Act completely prohibits children working below the age of 14 years  [11]  . It further states that if a child is between 15 and 18 years of age, can be employed in a factory only if he has a certificate of fitness granted with reference to him under section 69 which is in the custody of the manager of the factory. The Act also says that no child shall be employed or permitted to work, in any factory for more than four and a half hours in any day; The Mines Act, 1952: The Act prohibits the employment of children in mines, who have not completed their 15th year. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act, 2000: This Act was last amended in 2002 in conformity with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child covers young persons below 18 years of age. Section 26 of this Act deals with the Exploitation of a Juvenile or Child Employee, and provides in relevant part, that whoever procures a juvenile or the child for the purpose of any hazardous employment and keeps him in bondage and withholds his earnings or uses such earning for his own purposes shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable for fine. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009: The Act states that all children aged 6 to 14 years shall be provided free and compulsory education. It further states that all private schools should allocated 25 per cent of their seats for disadvantaged and differently abled children. Chapters 2 Precedents set by Supreme Court Though the government of India has enacted various labour legislations to prevent child labour still there are some contradiction among them, mainly the definitional debates on child labour as different legislation provide different definition of a child. Section 2(ii) of The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, defines child as a person who has not completed his fourteenth year of age; Section 2(c) of The Factories Act, 1948 defines child as a person who has not completed his fifteenth year of age; Section 2(e) of The Mines Act, 1952 defines child as a person who has not completed his fifteenth year; Section 2(c) of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, defines child as male or female child of the age of six to fourteen years; Section 2(k) of The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act, 2000 defines child as a person who has not completed eighteenth year of age; Section 2(c) of The Plantations Labour Act, 1951 defines child as a person who has not completed his fourteenth year of age Hence, we can clearly observe that these legislation are at contradiction to each other in defining whos a child and setting an uniform age limit. Therefore the centre and respective state governments should set a uniform universal minimum age of the child as these contradictions adversely affect the objective of protection from child labour and providing a better educational and social development to children of India. Following are few of important Supreme Court cases that have helped in framing better laws regarding child labour: In Democratic Rights V. Union of India  [12]  , it was contended that the Employment of Children Act, 1938 was not applicable in the matter of employment of children in construction works, as it was not mentioned in the act. But the court held even construction work is a hazardous employment and no child below the age of 14 years can be employed as given under Art 24 of the Indian Constitution, even though construction industry has not been specified in the schedule to the Employment of children Act, 1938, thus the SC rejected the contention. In Salal Hydro Project vs. Jammu and Kashmir  [13]  , the Court has restated the principle laid in Democratic Rights V. Union of India  [14]  that Construction work is hazardous employment and any child below 14 cannot be employed in this work. In Sheela Barse and others vs Union of India and others  [15]  , Bhagawati, C.J. quoted from National Policy for the welfare of Children incorporated to provide better social and educational development to the children of India : The Nations children a supremely important asset. Their nurture and solicitude are our responsibility. Childrens programme should find a prominent part in our national plans for the development of human resources, so that our children grow up to become robust citizens, physically fit, mentally alert and morally healthy, endowed with the skill and motivations needed by society. Equal opportunities for development to all children during the period of growth should be our aim, for this would serve our large purpose of reducing inequality and ensuring social justice. In M.C. Mehta v State of Tamil Nadu Ors  [16]  , the SC gave direction to the Union and state governments to identify all children and withdraw them from working in hazardous processes and occupations, and to provide them with free and proper education as incorporated into the Constitution, Artcle 21-A. The Court also directed the Union and state governments to set up a Child Labour Rehabilitation-cum-Welfare Fund using contributions from employers who breach the Child Labour Act. In Unnikrishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh,  [17]  the SC held that every child has the right to free education till the age of 14 years. Artcle 21-A which was incorporated into the Constitution, reflects this standard. CONCLUSION It is said that child is the father of man, and the children of our country are our biggest asset. The government of India has enacted several laws in order to provide healthy social and educational environment for the children. But in spite of all the laws enacted, problem of child labour still persists in our Indian society that is because child labour laws are themselves flawed in some way or the other or suffer from poor implementation of programmes. Though awareness towards child labour has increased and now there are several NGOs trying their best, but today what we require is to take concrete actions, the central and respective state governments need to provide for better machinery for enforcing child labour laws. Unless this is achieved our country wont be completely free the burden of child labour.

Nature in his poem “Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey” Essay

Wordsworth’s Attitude Towards Nature†Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey† was written in July of 1798 and published as the last poem of Lyrical Ballads, also in 1798.This poem is a statement of Wordsworth complete philosophy of nature. TheThe first part gives a vivid description of the scene visited by the poet. This shows a minute and close observation of nature. He was extra-ordinary sensitive to the sites of nature. Indeed, in the very title of his poem, he announces the time and place of his return visit, and lets us know where he is positioned in the landscape that he describes. He sits in a specific spot, a â€Å"few miles above† an abandoned abbey in the valley of the river Wye; thus he has a broad perspective on the landscape he will describe. As he writes the poem, he is reclines â€Å"under [a] dark sycamore.† He said that when he was young he did not understand or hear the pain of humanity because he was thoughtless and had nothing to do with spirit just the physical pictures pleased his eyes . But later on the enjoyment is over and the poet had raised his inset . He became able to hear the suffering of humanity . In addition the sound of human suffir4ngh and pain is not harsh or jarring to his ears . But , it is the opposite , it has clarified him . He became a spiritual person . Also, he tries to convince her to love nature, because if she loves it she will be in an elevated position, all the bad things will not hurt her and her attitudes and thoughts towards life will change. Poetry to Wordswoth is emotions recollected in tranquility, or he believed that it is nothing but spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. The poem as a whole is an example of the philosophy of Romanticism and how the consideration of the external reality of nature leads towards inner consideration. bibliographies â€Å"Free Essay on William Wordsworth’s Tintern Abbey.† 123HelpMe.com. 30 May 2008.

Reaction Paper for the Movie “HIV (Si Heidi, Si Ivy at Si V)” Essay

Virgilio â€Å"Gil† Bustamante (as played by Jake Cuenca) was a commissioned of Department of Health (DOH). He weaves a tale that combines various stories of people infected with the virus, using the San Lazaro Hospital. Among those having their story told are heterosexuals, homosexuals, prostitutes and drug users. The film focuses on three major characters; Heidi, Ivy and Vanessa. Heidi is an ordinary housewife who contracted the virus from her husband. She was abandoned by her family and no one of her family member talks to her. Her neighbor calls her prostitute and they looked disgusted on Heidi. She suffered from the bad effects of HIV. When she died her son, Victor who is also a HIV patient was nourished by his grandmother. Ivy, a young call center agent discovers that she is HIV positive when she tries to apply for work Canada. Her plans for a new life abroad destroyed, she must now face the world, her work, family, and friends with a mistake from her past. Vanessa, his real name was Victor ,a cheerful young gay, and stand-up comedian who engages in different sexual pleasures with multiple partners. He, with his very supportive parents, are willing and eager to shares his story. Though he has find subjects for the documentary, still, it becomes harder for him to meet the deadline because the subjects are indecisive who can’t make up their minds about sharing their stories in public. So, with an emanating deadline, he runs after his subjects and as he gets too busy working for the documentary. Gil was obsessed to finish his documentary even if his some subjects are  died and back-up and it was the reason why his girlfriend Miles, broke up with him, he still continue to finish the documentary. He learns that the fight against HIV/AIDS demands responsible action form individuals. II. Reflection (500-600 words only) This movie is not just any other movie that neither brings entertainment, chills nor threatens. It is far better of informing the youth through interesting stories with almost all possible chances a person may suffer thru time. I find it very helpful and it gives a lot of knowledge in the youth. Many of us learned from this film. It informs the youth in such a way of making each of them see themselves through the role of every character in the film and figure out, with their own understanding and knowledge, the message that the film ought the people to know and understand. That is, to respect each and every person living in this world because after all, nobody’s perfect. We are all entitled to be make mistakes and thus we should feel free in making mistakes. We should never judge anyone because we only knew what they’ve done or what they’re going through yet, we never knew the true story behind all of those. I find myself similar to Gil Bustamante because Just like Gil, I am determined to share every piece of me with all of humanity if in this way, I can help every person to improve the way they live, the way they see life and the way they fight for it. Just like Mr. Bustamante, I believed that what has to be done. I will also sacrifice just to finish a documentary like that because I know that in that way, I can help many people. I was stricken by the fact that the V in the subtitle of the film (Si Heidi, si Ivy at si V) stood not for Vanessa – but for Virgilio â€Å"Gil† after all. This part made me understand why Gil doesn’t want to make love with her girlfriend because he loves her, trying to protect her, since the start. And I am very glad because even though Gil was afraid for admitting that he is also a HIV positive he admitted it. Because he knows that it can help to the youth. If by chance, that I have been in Gil Bustamante’s place, I will also do, even exhausted, by all means to finish my own HIV/AIDS documentary because I know that I can help a lot of people. I will not be shy if I have that virus because having that virus is not my intention.

Measures Of Emotional And Behavioral Functioning Resentation Coursework

Measures Of Emotional And Behavioral Functioning Resentation Coursework Measures Of Emotional And Behavioral Functioning Resentation – Coursework Example Running Head: EMOTION AND BEHAVIORAL FUNCTIONING Measures of Emotional and Behavioral Functioning.Name:Course:Institution:Measures of Emotional and Behavioral Functioning. Each person or generation has a specific and unique character. A person may be respectful, hots include The Rorschach inkblot that is very effective in treating distorted thinking illness and The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).Measures of interest and attitudes are used to determine a person’s interests. Moreover, they inform the researcher about persons understanding, opinion and feeling attached to certain ideas, object or places (Hogan, 2007). However, personality tests are used to determine personality features and seek underlying causes of psychological issues. Moreover, the overall personality of a person is determined by attitudes and interest.In conclusion, an individual psychology can be inferred from a combination of measures of personality, attitudes, and interests. The measures have enabled the psychologists to understand individual’s perspective and their view on the world. It is worthy to note that the combination of personality, attitudes and interests will inform us about a person’s behavior. As seen above, the personality test gives variables that a person has less control over as compared to attitude tests.ReferencesAndrews, F. M., Robinson, J. P., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1991). Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (Vol. 1). Gulf Professional Publishing.Hogan, T. P. (2007). Psychological testing: A practical introduction (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.Costa Jr, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1978). Objective personality assessment. Springer.Cattell, R. B. (1973). Personality and mood by questionnaire. Jossey-Bass.Graham, J. R. (1990). MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology. Oxford University Press New York.

40 Fish Idioms

40 Fish Idioms 40 Fish Idioms 40 Fish Idioms By Mark Nichol The ubiquity of fish in culinary traditions and the popularity of fishing as both a recreational pastime and a food-gathering activity has led to the development of many fish-based idioms, including those listed and described below. 1. all is fish that comes to his net: a proverb that alludes to a person’s resourcefulness 2–4. another/different/whole other kettle of fish: spoken to recognize an abrupt shift in the topic being discussed 5–6. better/other fish to fry: a reference to having more important things to do than what one is doing or than what is proposed 7. big fish: an important or influential person 8–9. big fish in a little/small pond: an important or influential person on an insignificant scale, such as in a small community 10. cold fish: a person who does not exude friendliness or show emotions 11. cry stinking fish (primarily British English): self-deprecate 12. drink like a fish: imbibe excessive amounts of alcohol 13–14. fine/pretty kettle of fish: a predicament 15. fish around: investigate 16–17. fish for a compliment/compliments: encourage someone to say something favorable about you without asking outright 18. fish in troubled waters: involve oneself in a dangerous or difficult situation to risk gaining an advantage 19. fish or cut bait: an admonition to act or to remove oneself as an obstacle to another person acting 20. fish out of water: a reference to a person who feels awkward or uncomfortable because he or she is in an unfamiliar environment 21–24. fish out/fish out of/fish up/fish up out of: retrieve (the first variation is also used literally to mean â€Å"deplete a body of water of its fish population by overfishing†) 25. fish story: an exaggerated account or tall tale, from the supposed tendency of fishermen to claim that the â€Å"one that got away† was larger than it actually was 26. fish-eating grin: smug smile 27. fish-eye lens: a type of wide-angle camera lens 28. fish: inept or stupid person 29. fishy: suspicious 30. like shooting fish in a barrel: a reference to something that is extremely easy to do, on the notion that fish swimming in a barrel rather than in open water make for an easy target 31–32. need (something) like/about as much as a fish needs a bicycle: a reference to the incompatibility of a fish and a bicycle to convey that something is utterly useless to someone 33. neither fish nor fowl: an allusion to something difficult to categorize, describe, or understand 34–35. odd/queer fish: a strange person 36–37. plenty of/more fish in the sea: a reference to the notion that many other romantic partners are available to one after the end of a relationship or after one is rejected by another person 38. teach a man to fish: the essence of a proverb, one version of which is â€Å"Give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime,† which means that it is better to teach someone to do something than to do it for him or her 39. The cat would eat fish but would not wet her feet: A proverbial comment referring to the necessity of enduring annoyance or taking risks to achieve goals 40. What’s that got to do with the price of fish? (primarily British English): a response to an irrelevant comment or a non sequitur Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before Words8 Writing Tips for Beginners40 Idioms with First

Postmodernism Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Postmodernism Cinema - Essay Example The essay "Postmodernism Cinema" states postmodernism and cinema. This paper also analyzes Andrew Tudor’s work â€Å"From Paranoia to Postmodernism: The Horror Movie in the Late Modern Society.† The term postmodernism has been widely applied in contemporary horror films. Various discussions regarding the applicability of the term started in the past century. In 1986, Tania Modleski managed to establish the relationship between the present developments in the horror film industry and postmodern theory. In 1989, the Tudors study about â€Å"Monsters and Mad Scientists† showed that particular aspects affiliated with modern horror is linked to at least some social changes, which can be considered as postmodern. In 1990, Noel Carroll made a similar point in a subtle manner. He stipulated that horror genre in the contemporary world serves as an exoteric expression portraying similar feelings that are evident in the case of intelligentsia based on the concept of postmod ernism. The arguments reveal that it is vital for humans to diagnose the current society with regard to postmodernism. As such, it is challenging to resist the cultural resonance, which reflects postmodern horror. In this case, the term can be regarded as descriptive in an unproblematic manner. It should not be aimed at making few attempts to evaluate the proposition that reveals there is something regarding modern horror movies which creates a need for illustration. It is possible to stipulate that they live in a period characterized by ‘postmodern’ horror.

Gender division of labor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender division of labor - Essay Example This has in many occasions led to family breakdowns. This is because men consider themselves more important than women hence looking down on them and giving them no chance at all in decision making (Cohen, 2004). Their suggestions and thoughts are suppressed hence being subjected to oppression. Therefore, this causes a lot of tension in societies between men and women where women think that they have been denied access to their rights. Since women engage more in unpaid roles at home, it gives them a lesser bargaining power against their male counterparts who earn hence in most cases providing for the family needs. Quite often, the idea of gender based division of labor causes chaos, more so in the civilized world where women are in pursuit for gender equality. Women consider themselves just as much effective as men, and that they should be allowed do the rest of the chores. This desire has been accelerated by education; education has now been advocated for all. Modern technology also makes it a lot easier for women to do work that was considered complicated for them. According to Cohen (2004), this has been a bold step towards economic developments in most societies. To him, a shared responsibility is effective for a society to develop. He views an economically empowered woman as a tool to development in that they can generate enough income to keep their families going, making it a shared responsibility between wives and husbands. However, most men view this as a woman’s tool to fight them hence always disregarding the idea, and as a result, it leads to disagreements among the involved parties. Also, there is yet another point of contemplation; property ownership. Property ownership is an idea that has spark different views in different societies. In most cultures, owning of property is a man’s thing. In his view, Cohen (2004), social cultural beliefs belittle the fact that women can in any circumstances own property. Women are considered weak and with no sufficient knowledge to manage property. It is often an abomination for them to acquire or inherit property, especially so, land. According to Kergoat & Othmer (2005), extremely few women have had the privilege to own property in comparison to their men counterparts. Commonly, many families have their family possessions registered in the husbands’ names, which are in return given full powers to make any decisions concerning the property. Low percentages of married couples have joint properties (Kergoat & Othmer, 2005). Therefore, women feel left out and oppressed. They often desire to be treated equally with the men, to be considered able to handle what men can handle. This causes unrest in the society because women feel suppressed and deprived of access to their rights. On the hand, men view them as less influential in decision making and threats to the powers set upon them. However, Kergoat puts in his view that women and men should have equal opportunities to prop erty ownership. Most constitutions and power changes are now empowering women to own property. A property right in regard to women is fast coming up, being viewed as a great boost to societal economic upgrade. Women are now finding their way up in the ladder to equality. However, this is being viewed as an abuse to men and cultural beliefs hence it is not being easily

Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computers - Essay Example computer which would respond to the specific needs. It becomes quite a task for someone who is not well versed with computers to actually choose what will be the best buy; every computer comes laden with a number of specifications, configurations as well as technical decisions that one must make in order to select the best possible investment; there are a number of issues including the space in the RAM, hard disk, type of processor, graphics card etc to pick that may end up confusing someone. In the market currently, there are a few best computers that will best suit the needs of an organization. The computers must work in tandem with one another and make it easy to share files and documents within the organization in order to get the work done faster. (Botella, A) One of the computers is the iMac, created by Apple Computers. Apple Computers is best renowned for its sophisticated taste in creating digital products that completely enhance the experience that a user has. These computers are thus favored by people because they are not only smooth in terms of operations but are also very classy to look at and work with. The iMac 21.5 inch computer has an excellent screen with wonderfully displayed graphics (HD 6750M) which enables people to play video games, watch movies and videos, as well as view photographs beautifully. The computer also comes with a built in camera of 720 pixels which enables the user to make use of Face Time software assisting people to video call each other within the office. If an office has a number of these computers, people can easily stay in connect with each other through video calls; furthermore, it also becomes easier to have video conferences with people living in different states and countries. On the downside howev er, what sets the iMac apart from other personal computers is merely its suaveness. Most people that use the iMac, do so when they have to deal with graphic work and the use of high resolution displays; apart from that, it is very expensive and thus if the firm does not have too much money to spend, then choosing the iMac as a computer for every desk would prove to be a very expensive task. (Mac vs PC - Pros & Cons Comparison Review) The Dell Inspiron One 2320 is one of the sought after computers at present as well. It is considered to be an all-in-one computer and has been taking over big firms and organizations as a favorite. The best part about this computer is the touch screen – it comes with a portable mouse as well as a screen that one can constantly poke and prod, giving it a very laptop like personal feel. It thus becomes easier to sift through documents and files, photos and websites by simply

Distracted by Today’s Technology Essay Example for Free

Distracted by Today’s Technology Essay We are part of a country that is focused on making life easier and faster. Technology is something that is constantly on the rise, we are always looking for that new gadget better than the last that is meant to facilitate the everyday life. As a result, many people are starting to lose the ability to show emotions or even carry on a face-to-face conversation, therefore making it difficult for those individuals to develop appropriate social skills. Unfortunately, we fail to see the damage that is being caused by the amount of time being spent on texting, playing with video games, or spending countless hours on social networks as an alternative to making new acquaintances or spending quality time with their loved ones. Let’s start with text messages, known as one of the most popular method of communication these days. It is an unavoidable fact that the text message has become a necessary part of our lives. Like with new couples, who are unable to attain an appropriate sense of what their new partner is actually like. These couples often prefer the convenience of texting as a way of getting to know each other, as opposed to talking on the phone or going on dates. What they fail to realize is that, by trying to maintain a relationship mostly through texting and with barely any physical interaction they are truly inhibiting their ability to assess reactions, expressions or feelings shown by the other person. Sadly, these couples usually choose to end their relationship before knowing if it truly had a chance to flourish into a something meaningful. Although talking on a cellular phone while behind the wheel of a car has been proven to be dangerous, it has now taken a back seat to those drivers who surf the internet and text while on the road. According to a study done by The American Automobile Association, forty-six percent of teens who were interviewed admitted to being distracted behind the wheel because of texting. Many parents will instruct their children not to text while behind the wheel, when in all reality they are not following what they preach by continuing to put us all at risk. Overall, it is a real source of concern that these individuals are consciously adding to the increasing number of accidents on our roads today. Then we have video games, which have been around for decades. In recent years, the popularity of video games has sky rocketed amongst our youth. Our children are learning how to hijack a car from a pregnant mother with her two kids, shoot a gangster with an automatic weapon, and even drag race down the streets of a quiet neighborhood, all from the comfort of their couch. The days of going outside to play with friends and bike riding have been replaced by sitting in front of a television set and playing with your Nintendo, Xbox, or PlayStation, just to name a few. Homework and chores are often overlooked, but worse are the many parents that are using these gaming devices as babysitters as an alternative to spending quality time with their kids. Many parents remain satisfied by simply knowing that their children are safely in the house, dismissing the possibility their children are becoming couch potatoes with no social skills. Sadly, many of these children are not receiving any other exercise than what is given during their P.E. class in school. These are the children that will likely end up as obese, anti-social members of our society. Lastly, we are now surrounded by social networking sites like Facebook, Myspace and Twitter that are dedicated to connecting friends and family that live all around the world with the intentions of increasing communication between them. Friends can post pictures, write about what they are doing at the moment, and surf other friends profiles. While we cannot deny the benefits that these sites may provide, we should also not fail to realize the many dangers that can be linked to these social networks. Computer viruses are one of the most common disadvantages seen with social networks, one wrong click and you could send all you personal information to some crook across the country. But more damaging are the ill effects that our children are likely to encounter. Cyber bullying is much more intense and malicious than what some of us may have experienced in our high school hallways. Teasing, harassing, and name calling are now posted on the internet for everyone to see. In 2006, a teenage girl committed suicide for the constant bullying she received from her classmates and even one of their parents, her mother never suspected any of it. More importantly, many children and teenagers are now sharing too much information with strangers that they meet online, believing they are someone of their same age and with their same interests. Unknowingly, they are making themselves easy targets for predators of all kinds. This could possibly be avoided if parents were to limit the time spent online and diligently monitor their internet usage. I understand that some people may disagree with my views on the damaging effects that could be associated with allowing too much technology into all aspects of our lives. At the end of the day, what are the benefits we are receiving from allowing technology to play such a large role in our lives? Are we coming together at the end of the day? The days of â€Å"family dinner time† are slowly becoming memories of the past. Fewer are the families that sit around a table to share a meal, socialize, and relate stories about their day. We are missing out on opportunities to bond with our children and watch them grow. As well as new couples that would benefit from more phone conversations and dates, perhaps giving themselves a better chance at a more meaningful and stable relationship, possibly reducing the current divorce rates. It is a fact that we live in a world that technology has become a must in our lives. We are now dependent on cellular phones, and computers, while our children are consumed by their games. I also agree that all of the advancements made by technology are simply indented to somehow improve the way we function on a daily basis. But there should be a limit to how much technology we allow in our lives. Maybe we should make an effort to dedicate time to our families by turning off the cellular phone and put aside the computer a few nights a week. The benefits we will receive for maintaining a loving and nurturing relationship with our loved ones will continue to be evident for years to come.